Despite possible negative effects, many children do not tell their teachers when they have been bullied. This study examined junior school pupils' (N = 294) reports of instrumental, emotional and validation social support received after disclosing being bullied to teachers, and associations with intentions to disclose in the future. Overall, participants reported receiving modest to high levels of social support. The three social support variables accounted for a significant proportion (16.3%) of the variance in intentions to disclose. Each of them also emerged as significant non unique predictors (i.e. not controlling for their shared variance), and validation social support did so even after controlling for the influence of the other two types. These effects were stronger for boys than for girls, and some varied by age. Findings are discussed in terms of outcome‐ expectancy theory and practical implications.
The current study investigated the extent to which the concurrent presentation of pleasant and unpleasant odors could modulate the perceptual saliency of happy facial expressions in an emotional visual search task. Whilst a search advantage for happy faces was found in the no odor and unpleasant odor conditions, it was abolished under the pleasant odor condition. Furthermore, phasic properties of visual search performance revealed the malleable nature of this happiness advantage. Specifically, attention towards happy faces was optimized at the start of the visual search task for participants presented with pleasant odors, but diminished towards the end. This pattern was reversed for participants in the unpleasant odor condition. These patterns occur through the emotion-inducing capacities of odors and highlight the circumstances in which top-down factors can override perceptually salient facial features in emotional visual search.
Dialogical Analysis, a tool from Cognitive Analytic Therapy, is used to discover how the mindset of war silences dialogue. The savage costs of war were hidden whilst the United Kingdom government expected to attract the admiration of a grateful world. This article looks at an example of this mindset expressed through Tony Blair MP's speech to the House of Commons on 18 March 2003. The speech aimed at convincing parliament that war was inevitable, necessary and the only obvious choice. It offered an extremely narrow presentation of options available to the government, in which 'staying firm' was coupled with the case for war whilst alternative, peaceful methods of conflict resolution were identified as 'weak and feeble' and viewed as encouraging terrorists.
Many interested onlookers assumed that the issue would be resolved under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. 2 The decision, however, considered the application of the Charter only in the alternative. The ratio arose from an interpretation of the Constitution Act, l 867. 3 II. THE FACTS Seven same-sex couples applied to the Director of Vital Statistics for the Province of British Columbia for a marriage licence. The Marriage Ad is drafted in gender-neutral terms and contains no express requirement of heterosexuality. The Director declined to issue licences to the petitioners because in his view the federal common law governing the capacity to marry did not include marriage between two persons of the same sex. The couples were joined by Equality for Gays and Lesbians Everywhere ("EGALE") Canada and petitioned the court for declaratory relief and for an order requiring the Director to issue the licences. III. THE DECISION Justice Pitfield denied the petitioners' application. He found that while the term "marriage" was not defined in any federal statute, the term had been conclusively defined at common law and in the public consciousness prior to the enactment of the Constitution Act, 1867. That "marriage" had been defined was demonstrated by the House of Lords decision in Hyde v. Hyde and Woodmansee,S rendered a few months before Confederation. Heterosexuality was one element of this common law definition, and, accordingly, the term "marriage," as employed in s. 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867 conferred to Parliament the power to legislate in relation to heterosexual marriage alone.
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