Two polymorphs of an [Au(CN)2]-based coordination polymer, Cu[Au(CN)2]2(DMSO)2, one green (1) and one blue (2), have been identified. In polymorph 1, alternation of five-coordinate Cu(II) and [Au(CN)2]- units generates 1-D chains, while 2-D corrugated sheets are obtained in polymorph 2, which contains six-coordinate Cu(II) centers. Both polymorphs form 3-D networks by virtue of aurophilic interactions of 3.22007(5) A and 3.419(3) A, respectively, and show similar weak antiferromagnetic coupling, but have different thermal decomposition temperatures. They both show vapochromic properties and, importantly, despite their significantly different solid-state structures, the vapochromic behavior of the two polymorphs is essentially identical. Upon solvent exchange, both polymorphs convert to the same Cu[Au(CN)2]2(solvent)x complex (solvent = H2O, CH3CN, dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, pyridine, NH3). The Cu[Au(CN)2]2(DMF) and Cu[Au(CN)2]2(pyridine)2 complexes have very similar 2-D square grid structures, comparable to that of 2. The solvent molecules adsorbed by Cu[Au(CN)2]2 bind to the Cu(II) centers, thereby altering the visible spectrum associated with the Cu(II) chromophores and the number and frequency of the nu(CN) as well. The network-stabilizing gold-gold interactions and the flexible coordination sphere of Cu(II) probably facilitate reversible solvent exchange at room temperature.
Mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films were studied by nanoindentation experiments using an atomic force microscope. We obtained force-distance measurements for a model polycation/polyanion multilayer system, poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), and an azobenzenecontaining polyelectrolyte (P-Azo) prepared at varying charge densities. The relative Young's modulus of the films was determined as a function of the ionization fraction of the multilayer films, prepared to have identical thickness. Multilayer films assembled with polyelectrolytes of high charge density exhibited an elastic modulus that was significantly larger (nearly 2 orders of magnitude) than those prepared with low charge density. An estimate of the relative loop length between "ionic cross-links" in the multilayer films is then ascertained by analogy to previously studied covalently cross-linked polymer networks. The modulus values in our films ranged from 10 -2 to 10 -4 kPa, and this implies loop lengths of 1-50 segments. Atomic force microscopy force-distance measurements were also used to compare the relative adhesion values between polycation and polyanion layers in films constructed with varying charge densities. This was done by coating an AFM tip with multilayers and indenting into a surface containing the same multilayer film but capped with the oppositely charged surface polyelectrolyte layer. Adhesion values were typically between 0.5 and 6.7 nN and were found to depend on the ionic cross-link density of the PAH/P-Azo film, in which the highly ionically cross-linked samples exhibited the largest adhesion.
Thin layers of cellulose I nanocrystals were spin-coated onto silicon wafers to give a flat model cellulose surface. A mild heat treatment was required to stabilize the cellulose layer. Interactions of this surface with polyelectrolyte layers and multilayers were probed by atomic force microscopy in water and dilute salt solutions. Deflection-distance curves for standard silicon nitride tips were measured for silicon, cellulosecoated silicon, and for polyelectrolytes adsorbed on the cellulose surface. Transfer of polymer to the tip was checked by running deflection-distance curves against clean silicon. Deflection-distance curves were relatively insensitive to adsorbed polyelectrolyte, but salt addition caused transfer of cationic polyelectrolyte to the tip, and swelling of the polyelectrolyte multilayers.
The synthesis and coordination chemistry of two chiral tetradentate pyridylimine Schiff base ligands are reported. The ligands were prepared by the nucleophilic displacement of both bromides of 1,3-bis(bromomethyl)benzene (2) or 3,5-bis(bromomethyl)toluene (3) by the anion of (S)-valinol, followed by capping of both amine groups with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde. Both ligands react with CoCl(2) and NiCl(2) to give [M(2)L(2)Cl(2)](2+) complexes. Remarkably, neither fluoride nor bromide ions can act as bridging ligands. The formation of [Co(2)((S)-3)(2)Cl(2)](2+) is highly diastereoselective, and X-ray crystallography shows that both metal centers in the [Co(2)((S)-3)(2)Cl(2)](CoCl(4)) complex adopt the lambda configuration (crystal data: [Co(2)(C(31)H(40)N(4)O(2))(2)Cl(2)](CoCl(4)).(CH(3)CN)(3), monoclinic, P2(1), a = 11.595(2) A, b = 22.246(4) A, c = 15.350(2) A, V = 3705(1) A(3), beta = 110.643(3) degrees, Z = 2). Structurally, the dinuclear complex can be viewed as a helicate with the helical axis running perpendicular to the [Co(2)Cl(2)] plane. The reaction of racemic 2 with CoCl(2) was shown by (1)H NMR spectroscopy to yield a racemic mixture of Lambda,Lambda-[Co(2)((S)-2)(2)Cl(2)](2+) and delta,delta-[Co(2)((R)-2)(2)Cl(2)](2+) complexes; that is, a homochiral recognition process takes place. Spectrophotometric titrations were performed by titrating (S)-3 with Co(ClO(4))(2) followed by Bu(4)NCl, and the global stability constants of [Co((S)-3)](2+) (log beta(110) = 5.7), [Co((S)-3)(2)](2+) (log beta(120) = 11.6), and [Co(2)((S)-3)(2)Cl(2)](2+) (log beta(110) = 23.8) were calculated. The results revealed a strong positive cooperativity in the formation of [Co(2)((S)-3)(2)Cl(2)](2+). Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility curves for [Co(2)((S)-2)(2)Cl(2)](BPh(4))(2) and [Co(2)((S)-3)(2)Cl(2)](BPh(4))(2) are very similar and indicate that there are no significant magnetic interactions between the cobalt(II) centers.
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