Women with HIV were less likely to conceive than at-risk uninfected women, but pregnancy outcomes were similar. Abortion became less common after the introduction of HAART.

No abstract

Our aim was to examine the effects of GLP-1 and PYY3-36, separately and in combination, on energy intake, energy expenditure, appetite sensations, glucose and fat metabolism, ghrelin, and vital signs in healthy overweight men. Twenty-five healthy male subjects participated in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, four-arm crossover study (BMI 29 ± 3 kg/m(2), age 33 ± 9 yr). On separate days they received a 150-min intravenous infusion of 1) 0.8 pmol·kg(-1)·min(-1) PYY3-36, 2) 1.0 pmol·kg(-1)·min(-1) GLP-1, 3) GLP-1 + PYY3-36, or 4) placebo. Ad libitum energy intake was assessed during the final 30 min. Measurements of appetite sensations, energy expenditure and fat oxidation, vital signs, and blood variables were collected throughout the infusion period. No effect on energy intake was found after monoinfusions of PYY3-36 (-4.2 ± 4.8%, P = 0.8) or GLP-1 (-3.0 ± 4.5%, P = 0.9). However, the coinfusion reduced energy intake compared with placebo (-30.4 ± 6.5%, P < 0.0001) and more than the sum of the monoinfusions (P < 0.001), demonstrating a synergistic effect. Coinfusion slightly increased sensation of nausea (P < 0.05), but this effect could not explain the effect on energy intake. A decrease in plasma ghrelin was found after all treatments compared with placebo (all P < 0.05); however, infusions of GLP-1 + PYY3-36 resulted in an additional decrease compared with the monoinfusions (both P < 0.01). We conclude that coinfusion of GLP-1 and PYY3-36 exerted a synergistic effect on energy intake. The satiating effect of the meal was enhanced by GLP-1 and PYY3-36 in combination compared with placebo. Coinfusion was accompanied by slightly increased nausea and a decrease in plasma ghrelin, but neither of these factors could explain the reduction in energy intake.

Our data do not support that EE is increased after RYGB. More likely, RYGB promotes weight loss by reducing appetite, partly mediated by changes in gastrointestinal hormone secretion. Furthermore, we found that the early changes in glycaemic control after RYGB is to a large extent mediated by caloric restriction.

The reduction in energy intake after RYGB and SG surgery and the subsequent weight loss seems to be primarily related to a reduction in portion sizes and not by changes in food preferences towards less energy-dense foods. These results underline the necessity of investigating eating behavior by targeting direct behavior.

Objective Using an ad libitum buffet meal targeting direct behavior, the authors of the current study previously reported no effect of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) surgery on food preferences 6 months after surgery. The current study investigated changes in food preferences at 18 months after surgery and whether changes in food preferences at 6 months predicted weight loss. Methods Twenty food items separated into the following food categories were served at the buffet meal: high‐fat, low‐fat, sweet, savory, high‐fat savory, high‐fat sweet, low‐fat savory, and low‐fat sweet. Energy intake and intake from each of the food items were registered. Energy intake prior to the meal was standardized. Results Thirty‐nine subjects completed visits before surgery and 18 months following RYGB (n = 29) and SG (n = 10) surgery. Energy intake decreased 41% (4,470 ± 209 kJ vs. 2,618 ± 209 kJ, P < 0.001), but no change occurred in relative energy intake from any of the food categories (all P ≥ 0.23), energy density (P = 0.20), or macronutrient intake (all P ≥ 0.28). However, changes in high‐fat food intake, protein intake, energy intake, and energy density at 6 months predicted weight loss at 18 months (P ≤ 0.02). Conclusions RYGB surgery and SG surgery do not affect food preferences. However, changes in food preferences seem to be predictive of weight loss.

Adherence to colposcopy among WIHS participants was at the upper limit of the reported range in the United States. Chemical dependency and domestic violence may negatively impact on colposcopy adherence whereas supportive study personnel, having health insurance, and concerns about raising one's children appear to be motivators for adherence to colposcopy in this study. HIV infection was a risk factor for nonadherence, but markers of advanced disease were not predictive of nonadherence.

Objective-To investigate the relationship between HIV infection and childbearing before and after the availability of HAART.Study Design-Enrollment in the Women's Interagency HIV Study took place in 1994, and again in 2001-2002. Live birth rates prior to enrollment were compared between treatment era cohorts for HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women aged 15-44 years using Poisson regression. For HIV-infected women we included live births between HIV diagnosis date and study entry; the HAART era cohort included only women diagnosed with HIV in 1996 and after.Results-Among HIV-infected women, the HAART era live birth rate was 150% higher than in the pre-HAART era (p=.001), vs. a 5% increase among HIV-uninfected women. The rate of increase in live birth rate was higher for women ≥35 years (vs. <25, p=.02), and with >high school education (vs.