We tackle the complex problem of determining entailment relationships between case law documents, one of the tasks in the Competition on Legal Information Extraction and Entailment (COLIEE). With input of an entailed fragment from a case coupled with a candidate entailing paragraph from a noticed case, our approach relies on four main components: (1) extraction of similarity measures between the two pieces of text; (2) application of a transformer-based technique on the input text; (3) applying a threshold-based classier; and (4) post-processing the results considering the a priori probability determined by the data distribution on the training samples and combining the results of (1) and (2). Our experiments achieved an F-score of 0.70 on the ocial COLIEE test dataset, ranking rst among all competitors for that task in the 2019 competition.
The rapid growth of research in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) follows on two substantial developments. First, the enormous application success of modern machine learning methods, especially deep and reinforcement learning, have created high expectations for industrial, commercial, and social value. Second, the emerging and growing concern for creating ethical and trusted AI systems, including compliance with regulatory principles to ensure transparency and trust. These two threads have created a kind of “perfect storm” of research activity, all motivated to create and deliver any set of tools and techniques to address the XAI demand. As some surveys of current XAI suggest, there is yet to appear a principled framework that respects the literature of explainability in the history of science and which provides a basis for the development of a framework for transparent XAI. We identify four foundational components, including the requirements for (1) explicit explanation knowledge representation, (2) delivery of alternative explanations, (3) adjusting explanations based on knowledge of the explainee, and (4) exploiting the advantage of interactive explanation. With those four components in mind, we intend to provide a strategic inventory of XAI requirements, demonstrate their connection to a basic history of XAI ideas, and then synthesize those ideas into a simple framework that can guide the design of AI systems that require XAI.
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