In the Southern Pantanal, the hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), an endangered species, often chooses the manduvi tree (Sterculia apetala) as a nesting site, because of its physical properties. In addition, the chemical composition of the wood may also contribute to a nesting selection by the hyacinth macaws. The objective of this study was to determine the main chemical components of S. apetala bark for two seasons, and evaluate its fungicidal potential. Bark samples from S. apetala trees with and without nests of A. hyacinthinus were collected in January (wet season) and August (dry season) of 2012. The inhibition of mycelium growth (MGI) from tree samples with and without nests were assessed using a phytochemical analysis to evaluate their antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. In both seasons, samples obtained from nested trees had higher content of total phenols than those collected from non-nested trees. The average content of total flavonoids was higher in January for samples with nest and in August for samples without nest. All selected samples showed antifungal activity, and those with nest collected in August (peak of hyacinth macaw breeding) resulted in an MGI of 51.3%. Therefore, this percentage, related to the content of flavonoids and the presence of coumarins, may influence the reproductive success of hyacinth macaws and other species of birds, in this region. This is the first chemical study report with the stem bark of S. apetala.

INTRODUÇÃODentre as principais medidas preconizadas para o controle de doenças na cultura do arroz estão o uso de cultivares resistentes e a aplicação de fungicidas (Nunes et al., 2004). A resistência genética é uma medida altamente desejável devido ao baixo custo e à alta eficiência. No entanto, cultivares de arroz, com níveis aceitáveis de resistência, muitas vezes, não estão disponíveis para comercialização ou têm sua vida útil reduzida devido à ocorrência da quebra de resistência em virtude do surgimento de novas raças de patógenos (Cornélio et al., 2003). Existem fungicidas RESUMOO potencial dos isolados DFs185 (Pseudomonas synxatha), DFs223 (Pseudomonas fluorescens), DFs306 (não identificado), DFs416, DFs418 e DFs419 (Bacillus sp.), DFs422 (Bacillus subtilis) e DFs471 (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) foi avaliado para o controle da mancha-parda (Bipolaris oryzae) e da escaldadura (Gerlachia oryzae) do arroz. Para tanto, sementes da cultivar El Passo L144 foram imersas em suspensão (10 7 a 10 8 UFC/mL) de cada um dos isolados, agitadas por 30 min a 10°C e semeadas em vasos, sendo utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas duas testemunhas: uma tratada com solução salina e outra com solução salina mais fungicida (Carboxin+Thiran). Realizaram-se dois ensaios para cada um dos patógenos, inoculados nas plantas por aspersão, e avaliados quanto à severidade aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a inoculação calculando a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença. Para mancha-parda, no primeiro ensaio, o melhor desempenho foi proporcionado pelos isolados DFs185, DFs223 e DFs306 que apresentaram 80, 86 e 70% de redução da severidade. No segundo ensaio, o isolado DFs306 foi o mais eficiente deles, com redução na severidade da doença chegando a 74% em relação à testemunha, sendo que os isolados DFs223, DFs185 e DFs306 proporcionaram incremento na massa de grãos em 74, 70 e 59%, respectivamente. Para o controle da escaldadura, no primeiro ensaio, os isolados que apresentaram melhores resultados foram DFs416 e DFs418 com 65 e 59% de controle, respectivamente. No segundo ensaio, se destacaram os isolados DFs416 e DFs185 reduzindo a severidade da doença em 64 e 60%, respectivamente sem incrementar a produção. Palavras-chave: Bipolaris oryzae, Gerlachia oryzae, Oryza sativa, controle biológico. ABSTRACT Seed microbiolization for the control of rice brown spot and leaf scaldThe potential of isolates DFs185 (Pseudomonas synxatha), DFs223 (Pseudomonas fluorescens), DFs306 (unidentified), DFs416, DFs418 and DFs419 (Bacillus sp.), DFs422 (Bacillus subtilis) and DFs471 (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) was evaluated for the control of rice brown spot (Bipolaris oryzae) and leaf scald (Gerlachia oryzae). Rice seeds cv. El Passo L144 were immersed in a suspension (10 7 a 10 8 CFU/mL) of each of the isolates, agitated for 30 min at 10°C and sowed in pots, in complete randomized design with four replications. Two controls were used: one with seeds treated with saline solution, and the other with saline...

Potential of microbiolization of rice seeds with rhizobacteria for root-knot nematode biocontrolThe potential of eight rhizobacteria that effectively control fungal diseases in rice [DFs185 (Pseudomonas synxantha), DFs223 (P. fluorescens), DFs306 (not identified), DFs416, DFs418 e DFs419 (Bacillus sp.), DFs422 (Bacillus subtilis), DFs471 (Stenotrophomonas malthophilia)] was evaluated for the control of Meloidogyne graminicola in vitro and in irrigated rice in the greenhouse. The rhizobacteria DFs185, DFs223, DFs306, DFs416 and DFs419 exceeded in reducing hatching and in increasing the mortality of M. graminicola J2. All rhizobacteria were able to produce at least one compound associated with the biocontrol of nematodes (chitinasis, phosphatases, lipases, proteinasis and siderophores). The number of eggs and galls of M. graminicola in rice plants was reduced compared to plants from seeds not microbiolized. The nematode reproduction factor was reduced on average by 29%, highlighting rhizobacteria DFs185 and DFs223 that reduced 35%. This result is significant because the rhizobacteria also control fungal diseases.

RESUMOObjetivou-se avaliar o efeito de oito isolados bacterianos pré-selecionados de Pseudomonas synxatha, P. fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp. e Stenotrophomonas malthophilia no controle da queima-das-bainhas do arroz, causada por Rhizoctonia solani. Sementes da cultivar El Passo L144 foram imersas em suspensão (A 540 =0,5) de cada um dos isolados e agitadas por 30 min a 10�C. Sementes imersas somente em solução salina e em salina mais fungicida (Carboxin + Thiran) foram utilizadas como testemunhas. Foram semeadas 10 sementes por vaso, em quatro repetições, dispostas em delineamento completamente casualizado. Foram realizados três ensaios, sendo que no primeiro foi possível selecionar três isolados como promissores, com reduções na severidade da doença atingindo 50, 33,3 e 16,7 %, respectivamente. Estes isolados foram utilizados nos ensaios posteriores, instalados em casa de vegetação e conduzidos até o ponto de colheita, onde foi possível observar o efeito biocontrolador propiciado, principalmente, pelo isolado de P. fluorescens DFs223, com reduções significativas na severidade da doença chegando a 88 e 91,7% no segundo e terceiro ensaios respectivamente. Em ambos os ensaios, houve incremento tanto do número de panículas quanto do número de perfilhos e da massa seca de raízes em até 42,8, 81,2 e 113% respectivamente, nas plantas tratadas com o isolado de P. fluorescens DFs223.Palavras-chave adicionais: Rhizoctonia solani, Oryza sativa, biocontrole, rizobactérias. ABSTRACTBiological control of rice sheath blight by microbiolization of seeds with antagonist bacteria Eight pre-selected bacterial strains were evaluated for control of rice sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, Pseudomonas synxatha, P. fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp. and Stenotrophomonas malthopilia. Rice seeds cv. El Passo L144 were treated by immersion in a bacterial suspension (A 540 =0.5) of each isolate under agitation at 10�C for 30 min. Seeds immersed in saline solution and in saline plus fungicide (Carboxin + Thiran) were used as control. Ten seeds per pot were used, in four replications, in a completely randomized design. Three assays were performed, and in the first it was possible to select the three strains which reduced the severity of the disease, reaching 50, 33.3 and 16.7%, respectively. These isolates were used in the two last assays, which were maintained in greenhouse until the harvesting stage, where it was possible to observe the biocontrol effect, mainly by the strain of P. fluorescens DFs223, with significant reduction in the disease severity, reaching 88 and 91.7% in the second and third assays, respectively. There was an increase in the number of panicles, as well as in the number of tillers and dry mass of roots, reaching to 42.8, 81.2 and 113 % respectively, in plants treated with this isolate in both assays.Additional keywords: Rhizoctonia solani, Oryza sativa, biocontrol, rhizobacteria. INTRODUÇÃOA cultura do arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa L.) está sujeita ao ataque de várias doenças. Em quase...

-Isolates of Pseudomonas veronii (DFs513), Bacillus spp. (DFs093 and DFs348), Bacillus cereus (DFs769), Rodhococcus fascians (DFs843 and DFs912) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (DFs831 and DFs842), selected for Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli control, and a combination of some of these bacteria isolates, were evaluated for possible influence on Colletotrichum lindemuthianum transmission from naturally infected and/or infested bean seeds to seedlings. In the first trial, using the paper roll method, seeds were sown in eight replications of 25 seeds that were incubated at 20 ± 2°C. Germination percentage and pathogen incidence were evaluated. In the second trial, pathogen transmission to seedlings was evaluated in sterile substratum and incubated for 10 days. Daily emerged seedlings, pathogen incidence, leaf and root dry mass were

-Bipolaris oryzae and Gerlachia oryzae, which cause rice brown spot and leaf scald, respectively, are mainly disseminated by seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of seeds microbiolization to reduce transmission of these pathogens to seedlings by using the bacteria DFs185 (Pseudomonas synxantha), DFs223 (P. fluorescens), DFs306 (unidentified) and DFs418 (Bacillus sp.). Seeds naturally infested/infected with both pathogens were immersed in suspension of these bacteria (A 540 = 0.5) individually or in saline solution (control treatment). After 30 minutes of agitation at 10 °C, 400 seeds were submitted to a sanity test through the blotter method and the isolate DFs223 was the best to reduce the incidence of B. oryzae and G. oryzae in both seed lots evaluated. Seeds treated like above were sowed in sterilized vermiculite. Seed transmission and growth promotion were recorded after 21 days of incubation in the same conditions. The isolates DFs185 and DFs306 reduced transmission of both pathogens, although the isolate DFs306 was the one wich gave the greatest growth increases. The evaluation of the in vitro antibiosis showed that isolates inhibited the mycelial growth of both pathogens, except DFs306. It is possible to affirm that these bacteria have the potential to be used as a seed treatment for seed-borne disease control.Index terms: biological control, rice brown spot, rice leaf scald, seed treatment, Oryza sativa L. Biocontrole e transmissão de Bipolaris oryzae eGerlachia oryzae para plântulas de arroz RESUMO -Bipolaris oryzae e Gerlachia oryzae causadores, respectivamente, da mancha parda e da escaldadura do arroz são principalmente disseminados por sementes. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o potencial da microbiolização de sementes para a redução da transmissão destes patógenos das sementes para as plântulas usando as bactérias DFs185 (Pseudomonas synxantha), DFs223 (P. fluorescens), DFs306 (não identificado) e DFs418 (Bacillus sp. Termos para indexação: controle biológico, mancha parda do arroz, escaldadura do arroz, tratamento de sementes, Oryza sativa.

-This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of methanol extract and fractions of leaves of Randia nitida (Kunth) DC on Colletotrichum truncatum (Schw.) Andrus & Moore, Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary and perform chemical and antioxidant activity tests. Crude methanol extract (EBM) and fractions (hexane = FHX, dichloromethane = FDM and ethyl acetate = FAE) underwent classical phytochemical analysis and determination of total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Samples were individually incorporated into PDA culture mediums (potato-dextrose-agar) at concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 µg mL -1 of extract or fraction. Mycelial growth was evaluated when control reached the edge of the plate. Phytochemical results indicated that flavonoids, steroids and triterpenoids are the major chemical constituents in both EBM and fractions. Total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity were higher for FAE and EBM, followed by FDM and FHX; however, the latter showed higher content of steroids and triterpenoids compared to the other fractions. For C. truncatum, R. solani and S. sclerotiorum, the most efficient fractions were respectively FAE, FDM and FHX, all of them in the highest concentration (160 µg mL -1). The highest inhibition rate was observed against S. sclerotiorum, reaching 93.75%. We concluded that all fractions have antifungal activity on the plant pathogens, being FHX the most active against S. sclerotiorum, which might have been due to the presence of steroids and triterpenes.Keywords: Alternative control. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Rhizoctonia solani. Colletotrichum truncatum. Secondary metabolites. DPPH. foram submetidas a análise fitoquímica clássica e determinado os fenóis totais, flavonoides e atividade antioxidante. As amostras foram incorporadas, individualmente, ao meio de cultura BDA (batata-dextrose-ágar) nas concentrações de: 10, 20, 40, 80 e 160 µg mL -1 de extrato ou fração. O crescimento micelial foi avaliado quando a testemunha alcançou a borda da placa. Os resultados fitoquímicos indicaram que os flavonoides, esteroides e triterpenos são os constituintes químicos majoritários no EBM e nas frações . O teor de fenóis totais, flavonoides e a atividade antioxidante foi maior para a fração FAE e extrato EBM, seguido da fração FDM e da FHX, contudo a fração hexânica apresentou maior conteúdo de esteroides e triterpenos em relação as demais frações . Para os três fungos, as frações eficientes foram as frações FAE, FDM e FHX, respectivamente, todas na maior concentração estudada (160 µg mL -1 ). A maior porcentagem de inibição foi observada frente ao patógeno S. sclerotiorum, chegando a 93,75%. Conclui-se que todas as frações apresentam atividade antifúngica sobre os fitopatógenos e a fração FHX foi a mais ativa frente a Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, provavelmente pela presença de esteroides e triterpenos. POTENCIAL ANTIFÚNGICO DE EXTRATOS E FRAÇÕES DE Palavras

ABSTRACT:Lettuce demands high levels of nitrogen, which appears in the soil in forms that present a complex dynamic, making it difficult to apply nitrogen-based fertilizers. One way to improve the efficiency of nitrogen absorption is to use controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers, which aim to maintain nitrogen in forms that are less susceptible to loss. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two sources of N (urea and coated urea -slow-release N) in two management systems (fertilizer only at planting and fertilizer at planting and as a dressing) in the cultivation of American lettuce, cultivar Gloriosa, in an Entisols (Quartzipsamments), in the county of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul state (MS), Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (2 sources of N and 2 systems for application of N) and eight repetitions. The use of protected (coated) urea on the American lettuce crop did not lead to increased productivity in comparison with urea applied only at planting. On the other hand, the use of urea at planting and as a dressing presented higher productivity than the coated urea source.