This letter investigates a hybrid quantum system combining cavity quantum electrodynamics and optomechanics. The Hamiltonian problem of a photon mode coupled to a two-level atom via a Jaynes-Cummings coupling and to a mechanical mode via radiation pressure coupling is solved analytically. The atom-cavity polariton number operator commutes with the total Hamiltonian leading to an exact description in terms of tripartite atom-cavity-mechanics polarons. We demonstrate the possibility to obtain cooling of mechanical motion at the single-polariton level and describe the peculiar quantum statistics of phonons in such unconventional regime. [4][5][6]. In superconducting circuits, strong coupling and control of the mechanical motion at the quantum level have also been demonstrated [7]. Today, the maturity of solid-state quantum devices appears thus promising to bridge QED and optomechanics. The physical interaction at play in QED results in a resonant coupling linear in the photon field operators (Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian), while in optomechanics a non-linear radiation pressure term couples two off-resonant photonic and mechanical modes. A rich physics is expected in systems that would merge these distinct physical features.The basic principle of inserting a two-level artificial atom in an optomechanical setting was discussed in classical terms for fine tuning of dispersive and dissipative optomechanical interactions [8]. The coupling of an optomechanical cavity to an atom motion [9] or to collective excitations of an ensemble of atoms [10] was also discussed, resulting in the physical situation of two linearly coupled harmonic oscillators. In that case the anharmonic internal structure of a single atom and its corresponding nonlinear dynamics, a key feature of cavity and circuit QED, is absent. Since optomechanical systems progressively move towards regimes where single photon coupling exceeds dissipation [11-16] a growing interest is emerging for hybrid systems where artificial atoms, photons and phonons would all be strongly coupled at the quantum level.In this letter, we investigate the physics of a hybrid quantum system where a cavity photon mode is coupled to an artificial two-level atom and to a mechanical resonator. We describe analytically the polaron excitations of this tripartite system and determine the dynamics in presence of losses and driving. We show atomassisted cooling of mechanical motion down to the single atom-cavity polariton level and reveal unusual mechanical amplification. Last, we demonstrate the emergence of phonon antibunching in such tripartite quantum systems.As illustrated in Fig.1, we consider a joint system where a confined photon mode is coupled both to a twolevel artificial atom and to a mechanical resonator. Our system combines the usual Jaynes-Cummings (JC) coupling of cavity (circuit) QED architectures [1] and the nonlinear coupling of optomechanics [17]. We thus consider the total Hamiltonian ( = 1):whereσ x,y,z are Pauli matrices for the two-level system (σ ± being the ladder ...

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We present a quantum theory for a fully coupled hybrid optomechanical system where all mutual couplings between a two-level atom, a confined photon mode and a mechanical oscillator mode are considered. In such a configuration, new quantum interference effects and correlations arise due to the interplay and competition between the different physical interactions. We present an analytical diagonalization of the related fully coupled Hamiltonian, showing the nature and energy spectra of the tripartite dressed excitations. We determine the driven-dissipative dynamics of such hybrid systems and study phonon blockade effects under resonant excitation. We also study the statistical properties of the photon emission obtained under incoherent pumping of the two-level atom, which is particularly relevant for experiments with solid-state two-level emitters.

The optomechanical coupling between a mechanical oscillator and light trapped in a cavity has been the subject of many recent investigations. One salient feature of this coupling is the possibility to cavity-cool a mechanical oscillator down to its quantum ground state. The standard situation studied in most optomechanics experiments pictures the scenario of a Fabry-Perot cavity's end mirror light enough to undergo the mechanical force induced by photons bouncing back on the mirror. Here we are interested in scenarios where the photons are, at least partially, absorbed. As a result of the end mirror absorption, a «photothermal» force can be produced which can overcome radiation pressure by several orders of magnitude in experimental settings. This force was already shown to enable very efficient cavity-cooling or dynamical pumping of mechanical oscillators [1,2]. In this work [3] we present a classical and a quantum theory of photothermal cavity cooling of a mechanical oscillator.In radiation pressure cooling the optomechanical system's dynamics is determined by the cavity linewidth κ (related to the photon's lifetime) and the mirror's oscillation frequency ω0. In order to get effective cooling via radiation pressure one needs to place the system in the «good cavity limit» (κ <<ω0) and pump it optically far from the cavity's resonance (the detuning Δ of the cavity must verify Δ=ω0). In photothermal schemes the photon absorption by the mechanical oscillator gives birth to a thermo-elastic distortion which displaces the oscillator. The dynamics is now determined by ω0 and by the response time τth of this effective photo-induced force. Being non-conservative in nature, it is difficult to describe this photothermal interaction by a quantum Hamiltonian. In our approach we treat the system within a semi-classical theory, where the photothermal force appears in the quantum-Langevin equations of the system's observables as a time-delayedfeedback term depending on the mirror's position at previous times. The study of the dynamical equations in the frequency domain yields the assymetric spectrum of the optical force acting on the oscillator (Fig 1.) and the variance of the oscillator's normalized position X 2 (the ground state corresponding to X 2 ≈1) . Fig 2. shows that for a given set of parameters it is possible to reach the quantum regime with photothermal cooling. Surprisingly, we also show that photothermal cooling down to the quantum regime is feasible in the «bad cavity limit», where the lifetime of photons in the cavity is shorter than the mechanical oscillation period. This is an important difference to the standard radiation pressure scenario and offers a way to circumvent some limitations imposed by radiation pressure cooling in the far detuned regime. In addition, our formalism and calculations are easily transposed to any semi-classical force as long as it is time-delayed and proportional to the number of absorbed photons (photostrictive forces for example). Fig 1. Normalized Quantum Noise Spectrum of the com...

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has gained acceptance for treating a variety of head and neck benign and malignant pathologies. Some TORS advantages are great 3D visualization, shorter operative times, increased range of movement in narrow spaces, getting a complete pathological specimen, and improved life quality (LQ), resulting in well-validated functionality and oncological outcomes. This is a retrospective case series of patients treated with TORS between 2013 and 2019. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to report medians and ranges for continuous variables. The number of cases and percentages were used to describe categorical variables. Fifteen patients have been treated for oncological pathologies with TORS in two Colombian health centers. Lateral oropharyngectomy was the most common surgery comprising 80% of surgeries. Three patients receiving this surgery also had one tongue base resection, one soft palate resection, and one retromolar trigone resection. Bilateral lingual and palatine tonsillectomy was performed in 13.3% of patients and supraglottic laryngectomy in 6.7%. Twelve patients (80%) had secondary wound healing, and three (20%) needed free flap reconstruction. After reviewing these initial experiences, we concluded that TORS is a versatile procedure for resection of tumor located in the oropharynx, supraglottis, and retromolar trigone. TORS is also useful for the reconstruction of subsequent defects with free flaps. We believed that some practical considerations must be published to help head and neck surgeons during the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative stages. Keywords Robotics . Head and neck neoplasms . Oropharyngeal neoplasms . Margins of excision This article is part of the Topical Collection on Surgery

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Background: Robotic assisted videothoracoscopic surgery (RVATS) adoption has increased worldwide from 3.4% in 2010 to 17.5% in 2015. However, in Latin America, the literature is limited to a report of a series of 10 patients who underwent RVATS lobectomy and one case report of an RVATS thymectomy from Brazil. Methods: This is a retrospective review of all RVATS performed in Bogotá Colombia since 2012. A single thoracic surgeon (RB) performed all the operations at three institutions: Clínica de Marly, Fundación Clínica Shaio and Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative and pathology report variables were included. Patients were analyzed in three groups: robotic RVATS pulmonary resections, RVATS mediastinal surgeries and other RVATS procedures. Descriptive statistics were used to report the median and interquartile range (IQR) of the continuous variables, and number and percentage were used to describe categorical variables. The association between total operative time and the year the surgery was analyzed using a linear regression model. Results: Forty-seven patients underwent RVATS pulmonary resections; 72.3% (n=34) of these patients underwent a RVATS lobectomy. The median total operative time was 220 (IQR: 200 to 250) minutes, 6.4% (n=3) had intraoperative complications, and the most frequent histologic diagnosis was adenocarcinoma (n=24, 51.1%). Of 18 patients who underwent RVATS mediastinal surgeries, 50.0% (n=9) had RVATS thymectomy, the median total operative time was 195.5 (IQR: 131 to 221) minutes and two patients (11.1%) had intraoperative complications. The linear regression model of the association between total operative time and the year the surgery showed a 10.3 minute reduction per year (P=0.006). Conclusions: This is the second series of RVATS published in Latin America and the first published in Colombia, with comparable perioperative results to other reports.

Key Clinical MessageSurgical resection is the only potential cure for colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases (SLM). Simultaneous resection of colorectal cancer and SLM using robotic‐assistance has been rarely reported. We demonstrate that robotic‐assisted simultaneous resection of colorectal cancer and SLMs is feasible, safe, and has potential to demonstrate good oncologic outcomes.