Nitrogen removal in its various chemical forms was evaluated in a complex of waste stabilisation ponds comprising ponds of different depths and geometries. TKN and ammonia removal reached 78.5% and >90%, respectively, in the 5-pond systems with overall retention times of only 19 days. Removals were highest in the maturation ponds, and shallow maturation ponds were the most efficient. In terms of optimum pond geometry, high nitrogen and ammonia removal was compatible with optimal BOD5 removal and faecal coliform die-off. TKN and ammonia removal in these ponds could be modelled using conventional first-order equations.

RESUMOHá uma crescente preocupação com os chamados "poluentes emergentes" na produção de medicamentos. Eles chegam ao meio ambiente a partir do descarte doméstico ou a partir das sobras geradas na produção de fármacos. Em pequenas concentrações da ordem de microgramas por litro ou inferiores, ou seja, concentrações não efetivas a curto prazo em termos de resposta biológica em seres humanos, podem causar grandes impactos no meio ambiente pela exposição crônica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o risco de contaminação de efluentes pelo lançamento dos dejetos brutos da produção de medicamentos em pequena escala, por farmácias de manipulação, com base na avaliação da ecotoxicicidade pelo biomonitoramento de algas Euglena gracilis, e investigar os impactos apresentados sobre o comportamento e as alterações no processo de fotossíntese. Amostras de quatro laboratórios de diferentes demandas foram analisadas. As alterações comportamentais (velocidade de subida à superfície, r-value e velocidade de movimento) das algas foram biomonitoradas pelo NG-TOX e os parâmetros de fotossíntese foram medidos com o fluorímetro de pulso e amplitude modulada (PAM). Os resultados demonstraram que o efluente do laboratório de hormônios, que teve uma baixa produção semestral, apresentou pouco impacto, já o efluente do laboratório de psicotrópicos, mesmo com demanda intermediária, apresentou impacto significante sobre o comportamento e a atividade fotossintética das algas. A diferença de comportamento observada entre os diferentes setores de fármacos demonstra que os impactos e os possíveis riscos ambientais são diferentes para cada setor. A demanda e as diferentes substâncias manipuladas podem ser determinantes na classificação de risco e na escolha dos métodos de descontaminação.Palavras-chave: biomonitoramento, descarte de medicamentos, ecotoxicidade, poluentes emergentes. Environmental toxicity of effluents of different laboratories of a compounding pharmacy ABSTRACTThere is a growing concern over so-called "emerging pollutants" in the production of pharmaceuticals. These pollutants reach the environment from household waste or from

Ammonia removal was monitored in a waste stabilisation pond complex comprising ponds of different geometries and depths under two different operational regimes. It was found that a high degree of ammonia removal commenced in the secondary maturation ponds, with the highest removals occurring in the shallowest ponds as a consequence of improved aerobic conditions. The tertiary maturation ponds produced effluents with mean ammonia concentrations of < 5 mg N/l, the maximum permitted recommended by Brazilian environmental legislation for the discharge of effluents of wastewater treatment plants into surface waters. Ammonia removal in the secondary facultative and maturation ponds could be modelled using equations based on the volatilization mechanism proposed by Middlebrooks et al. (1982).

Background Work can be considered a source of living, well-being, and socioeconomic development. When the work environment negatively influences individuals, it may trigger emotional disturbances, behavioral problems, chronic stress conditions, and illnesses such as burnout syndrome (BS). Recently, studies on BS have increased and placed a special focus on health care professionals. The prevalence of BS among health professionals is associated with their chronic exposure to human hardship and long working hours without proper rest. These factors have contributed to greater stress and high physical and emotional exhaustion levels. Objective This study aims to identify and map studies using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) scale to identify burnout syndrome in health professionals working in public health services. Methods This scoping review was developed based on the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewers Manual and reported according to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews). A total of 6 databases were searched to identify relevant studies: Embase, LILACS, MEDLINE or PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science. Gray literature was consulted on ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Google Scholar, Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, and Open Access Theses and Dissertations. Additionally, the reference lists were searched to retrieve studies not previously selected. The steps followed in this study were proposed by Arskey and O’Malley and Levac, Colquhoun, and O’Brien: identification of research questions, identification of potential studies, study selection, data extraction and imputation, data analyses and interpretation, and consultation with stakeholders. The detailed methodology was published in a protocol. Results A total of 55 articles were identified after screening for eligibility criteria, published between 1999 and 2021 in 32 countries. Most reports were published in Brazil, Spain, and China. A total of 22 versions of the MBI were identified, presenting different items, scores, and cutoff points. The included studies had recommendations and implications for clinical practice. The consultation with stakeholders allowed knowledge translation for those interested in BS. Conclusions Studies mostly included physicians (34/55, 61.8%) and nurses (24/55, 43.6%), and the original version of MBI was predominantly used. Divergences in BS classification were highlighted, which may be related to MBI cross-cultural adaptations and applications in other countries. This study contributes to the advancement of research regarding burnout syndrome as an occupational illness since it has harmful consequences for workers, health care services, and the quality of care provided to the population.

Background Burnout syndrome is a chronic response to stressors in the workplace. It is characterized by emotional exhaustion and physical and mental burnout and may lead to high employee turnover, work absenteeism, and increased occupational accidents. Most studies use the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) to identify burnout and implement preventive actions and treatments. Objective This study presents a scoping review protocol to identify and map studies that used MBI to assess burnout syndrome in health care professionals working in public health services. Methods This scoping review protocol follows the Joanna Briggs Institute reviewers’ manual, and this protocol consists of 6 stages: identifying the research question, identifying relevant studies, study selection, data extraction and coding, analysis and interpretation of results, and consultation with stakeholders. We will conduct searches in Embase, LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science databases, and gray literature. The main research question is as follows: how is MBI used to identify burnout syndrome in health care professionals working in public health services? Inclusion criteria will comprise qualitative and quantitative studies using MBI to identify burnout syndrome in health care professionals working in public health services and no restrictions in language and publication dates. Data will be extracted using a spreadsheet adapted from the Joanna Briggs Institute model. Quantitative and qualitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, respectively. The consultation with stakeholders will be essential for increasing the knowledge about MBI, identifying new evidence, and developing future strategies to guide public policies preventing burnout syndrome in health care professionals working in public services. Results This protocol will guide a scoping review to identify and map studies that used MBI to identify burnout syndrome in health care professionals working in public health services. The results of this review may be useful to public health care professionals, managers, policymakers, and the general population because these findings will help understand the validated, translated, and adapted versions of MBI and domains, number of items, Likert scales, and cutoff points or the latent profile analysis most used in the literature. Furthermore, possible research gaps may be identified to guide future studies. All information regarding the stages of the scoping review favor its transparency and allow it to be methodologically replicated according to the principles of open science, thereby reducing the risk of bias and data duplication. Conclusions This study may reveal the multiplicity of scales described in the literature and the different forms of assessing burnout syndrome in health care professionals. This study may help to standardize the assessment of burnout syndrome in health care professionals working in public health services and contribute to the discussion and knowledge dissemination about burnout syndrome and mental health in this population. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/42338