Deficits of airway protection can have deleterious effects to health and quality of life. Effective airway protection requires a continuum of behaviors including swallowing and cough. Swallowing prevents material from entering the airway and coughing ejects endogenous material from the airway. There is significant overlap between the control mechanisms for swallowing and cough. In this review we will present the existing literature to support a novel framework for understanding shared substrates of airway protection. This framework was originally adapted from Eccles' model of cough28 (2009) by Hegland, et al.42 (2012). It will serve to provide a basis from which to develop future studies and test specific hypotheses that advance our field and ultimately improve outcomes for people with airway protective deficits.

No abstract

We aimed to compare the effects of the Dynamic Visual Noise (DVN) on visual memory when presented at different times in an item recognition task either during information encoding, retention interval or throughout the trial. Noise had general effect on participants' performance with stronger impairment on stimuli encoding. The data suggest that visual memory is accessed through perception and, therefore, it suffers external interference, as the one caused by the DVN. We consider that the effect occurred while the information was being kept in consciousness by a specifi c short-term storage subsystem. These results contribute to the understanding of the architecture used by the visual working memory and show that the DVN is an appropriate technique to study the visual memory. Keywords: Dynamic visual noise, working memory, visual memory. ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos do Ruído Visual Dinâmico (RVD) na memória visual quando apresentado em uma tarefa de reconhecimento de item durante a codifi cação da informação, no intervalo de retenção ou durante toda a prova. O ruído ocasionou maior interferência na memória quando apresentado durante a codifi cação do estímulo. Os dados sugerem que a memória visual é acessada via percepção, por isto, sofre interferência externa como a causada pelo RVD. Sugere--se que o efeito ocorreu enquanto a informação era mantida na consciência por um subsistema de armazenamento de curto prazo. Estes resultados contribuem para a compreensão da arquitetura da memória de trabalho e mostram que o RVD é uma técnica apropriada para estudar a memória visual. Palavras-chave: Ruído visual dinâmico, memória de trabalho, memória visual.

In this study we used the dual-task paradigm to investigate the involvement of attention in the binding of verbal and visual information in working memory. A secondary task, backward counting by threes (BCT), was performed during the retention interval of the primary recognition task based on either visual or verbal information or the binding of both. The BCT affected accuracy and response time. Accuracy was affected only in the binding condition; response time was affected only in the isolated information condition. Together these results suggest that storing integrated visual and verbal information requires more attentional resources than storing information received separately. These results are discussed in terms of involvement of the central executive in storing integrated information in working memory.