Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare autosomal dominant or recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene (ALPL). To date, over 300 different mutations in ALPL have been identified. Disease severity is widely variable with severe forms usually manifesting during perinatal and/or infantile periods while mild forms are sometimes only diagnosed in adulthood or remain undiagnosed. Common clinical features of HPP are defects in bone and tooth mineralization along with the biochemical hallmark of decreased serum alkaline phosphatase activity. The incidence of severe HPP is approximately 1 in 300,000 in Europe and 1 in 100,000 in Canada. We present the clinical and molecular findings of 83 probands and 28 family members, referred for genetic analysis due to a clinical and biochemical suspicion of HPP. Patient referrals included those with isolated low alkaline phosphatase levels and without any additional clinical features, to those with a severe skeletal dysplasia. Thirty-six (43.3%) probands were found to have pathogenic ALPL mutations. Eleven previously unreported mutations were identified, thus adding to the ever increasing list of ALPL mutations. Seven of these eleven were inherited in an autosomal dominant manner while the remaining four were observed in the homozygous state. Thus, this study includes a large number of well-characterized patients with hypophosphatasemia which has permitted us to study the genotype:phenotype correlation. Accurate diagnosis of patients with a clinical suspicion of HPP is crucial as not only is the disease life-threatening but the patients may be offered bone targeted enzymatic replacement therapy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Background:The capacity to correctly assess insulin resistance and its role in further obesity-associated metabolic derangement in children is under debate, and its determinants remain largely unknown. Objective:We investigated the association of the insulin secretion profile with other metabolic derangements and anthropometric features in children and adolescents with obesity, exploring the role of ethnicity. Patients and Methods:Growth and metabolic features, including fasting insulin levels and insulin secretory profile in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), were analyzed according to ethnicity in 1300 patients with obesity (75.8% Caucasians/19.0% Latinos). Results:Height and bone age were influenced by sex, ethnicity, and insulinemia.Latino patients had higher insulin (P < .001), but similar glycemia both prepubertally and postpubertally, compared with Caucasians. Type 2 diabetes was uncommon (0.1%). Impaired glucose tolerance was associated to higher age, BMI, uric acid, and triglyceride levels (all P < .05), as was fasting hyperinsulinism. Impaired fasting glucose or HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4% showed no association with further metabolic derangement.A delayed insulin peak in the OGTT was associated to more severe metabolic disturbances. Conclusions:Obesity-associated hyperglycemia is unusual in our environment whereas fasting and late postprandial hyperinsulinemia are highly prevalent, with this being influenced by race and closely related with lipid metabolism impairment.

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Background: Body fat content and distribution in childhood is influenced by sex and puberty, but interethnic differences in the percentage and distribution of body fat also exist. The abdominal visceral/subcutaneous fat ratio has been the main feature of body fat distribution found to associate with the serum adipokine profile and metabolic derangement in adulthood obesity. This has also been assumed for childhood obesity despite the known singularities of this disease in the pediatric age in comparison to adults. Objective: We aimed to investigate the effect of ethnicity, together with sex and pubertal status, on body fat content and distribution, serum adipokine profile, metabolic impairment and liver steatosis in children and adolescents with obesity. Patients and Methods: One hundred and fifty children with obesity (50% Caucasians/50% Latinos; 50% males/50% females) were studied. Body fat content and distribution were studied by whole body DXA-scan and abdominal magnetic resonance, and their relationships with liver steatosis (as determined by ultrasonography), glycemia, insulinemia, lipid metabolism, uric acid, total and HMW-adiponectin, leptin, leptin-receptor, and sex steroid levels were explored. Results: Latino patients had more severe truncal obesity (higher trunk/lower limb fat ratio, odds ratio 10.00; p < 0.05) and higher prevalence of liver steatosis than Caucasians regardless of sex or pubertal status, but there were no difference in the visceral/subcutaneous abdominal fat ratio, except for pubertal females. A higher trunk/lower limb fat ratio, but not the visceral/subcutaneous abdominal fat ratio, was associated with adipokine profile impairment (higher free leptin index and lower adiponectin levels), insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, and was further enhanced when liver steatosis was present ( p < 0.05). A higher abdominal visceral/subcutaneous fat ratio was observed in prepubertal children ( p < 0.01), except for Latino females, whereas predominant subcutaneous fat deposition was observed in adolescents. Conclusion: Ethnicity is one of the main determinants of increased trunk body fat accumulation in Latino children with obesity, which is best estimated by the trunk/lower limb fat ratio and related to the development of metabolic derangement and liver steatosis.

Obesity in any parent determines a higher severity of their offspring obesity and metabolic comorbidities, more importantly when obesity is present in the mother or in both parents, but without interference in the options of therapeutic success.

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The background of SGA neonatal anthropometry is associated with a higher prevalence and severity of metabolic comorbidities and to a poorer adult height prediction in obese children and adolescents.