We argue that international lenders take into account that taxes (or subsidies) a¤ect borrowers'income available for debt repayments. Using an endowment-economy model, we show that by incorporating this fact into the analysis of …nancial crises from the pecuniary externality perspective, ex-post interventions are completely ine¤ective to manage crises and, instead, ex-ante capital controls are useful for correcting the externality that stems from the underestimation of the social costs of decentralized debt decisions.
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