Lab-scale perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently reached power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 25.2 %. However, a reliable transfer of solution processing from spin coating to scalable printing techniques and a homogeneous deposition on large substrate sizes is challenging also caused by dewetting of the perovskite precursor solution on highly hydrophobic subjacent materials. In this work, we report the utilization of blade coated non-conductive silicon oxide
Tin-based perovskites are promising alternative absorber materials for leadfree perovskite solar cells but need strategies to avoid fast tin (Sn) oxidation. Generally, this reaction can be slowed down by the addition of tin fluoride (SnF 2 ) to the perovskite precursor solution, which also improves the perovskite layer morphology. Here, this work analyzes the spatial distribution of the additive within formamidinium tin triiodide (FASnI 3 ) films deposited on top of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hole transporting layers. Employing time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and a combination of hard and soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it is found that SnF 2 preferably accumulates at the PEDOT:PSS/perovskite interface, accompanied by the formation of an ultrathin SnS interlayer with an effective thickness of ≈1.2 nm.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently gained power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 25.5% on lab-scale nearly exclusively processed from precursor solutions involving harmful and polluting solvents like dimethylformamide (DMF). However, solution processing of green and environmentally safe solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) via scalable printing is 2 challenging mainly caused by two reasons: firstly pronounced precursor solution dewetting on the subjacent layer and secondly its complex quenching process. In this work, we report on one-step blade coating of inverted (p-i-n) double-cation PSCs using solely DMSO at low processing temperatures. To avoid dewetting of the DMSO-based solution on the hydrophobic hole transport layer (HTL) and to realize adequate quenching, a blade coated wetting agent of silicon oxide nanoparticles at the HTL/perovskite interface and gas stream-assisted drying is applied, respectively. Trends in absorber grain size, morphology, crystallinity and elemental composition of samples from both toxic and green solvent concepts are compared revealing analogous findings.Consequently, PSCs blade coated from DMSO achieve PCEs of up to 16.7% on a 0.24 cm 2 active area comparable to the ones from a DMF:DMSO mixture (16.9%) and thus demonstrating that using toxic DMF is unnecessary. This represents an important step for bringing PSCs solution processed from environmentally friendly precursor solvents closer to industrial implementation.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently gained power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 25.5% on lab-scale nearly exclusively processed from precursor solutions involving harmful and polluting solvents like dimethylformamide (DMF). However, solution processing of green and environmentally safe solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) via scalable printing is 2 challenging mainly caused by two reasons: firstly pronounced precursor solution dewetting on the subjacent layer and secondly its complex quenching process. In this work, we report on one-step blade coating of inverted (p-i-n) double-cation PSCs using solely DMSO at low processing temperatures. To avoid dewetting of the DMSO-based solution on the hydrophobic hole transport layer (HTL) and to realize adequate quenching, a blade coated wetting agent of silicon oxide nanoparticles at the HTL/perovskite interface and gas stream-assisted drying is applied, respectively. Trends in absorber grain size, morphology, crystallinity and elemental composition of samples from both toxic and green solvent concepts are compared revealing analogous findings.Consequently, PSCs blade coated from DMSO achieve PCEs of up to 16.7% on a 0.24 cm 2 active area comparable to the ones from a DMF:DMSO mixture (16.9%) and thus demonstrating that using toxic DMF is unnecessary. This represents an important step for bringing PSCs solution processed from environmentally friendly precursor solvents closer to industrial implementation.
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