Dietary anthocyanins have been shown to reduce inflammation in animal models and may ameliorate obesity-related complications. Black elderberry is one of the richest sources of anthocyanins. We investigated the metabolic effects of anthocyanin-rich black elderberry extract (BEE) in a diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mouse model. Mice were fed either a low-fat diet (n 8), high-fat lard-based diet (HFD; n 16), HFD + 0·25 % (w/w) BEE (0·25 %-BEE; n 16) or HFD + 1·25 % BEE (1·25 %-BEE; n 16) for 16 weeks. The 0·25 % BEE (0·034 % anthocyanin, w/w) and 1·25 % BEE (0·17 % anthocyanin, w/w) diets corresponded to estimated anthocyanin doses of 20-40 mg and 100-200 mg per kg of body weight, respectively. After 16 weeks, both BEE groups had significantly lower liver weights, serum TAG, homoeostasis model assessment and serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 compared with HFD. The 0·25 %-BEE also had lower serum insulin and TNFα compared with HFD. Hepatic fatty acid synthase mRNA was lower in both BEE groups, whereas PPARγ2 mRNA and liver cholesterol were lower in 1·25 %-BEE, suggesting decreased hepatic lipid synthesis. Higher adipose PPARγ mRNA, transforming growth factor β mRNA and adipose tissue histology suggested a pro-fibrogenic phenotype that was less inflammatory in 1·25 %-BEE. Skeletal muscle mRNA expression of the myokine IL-6 was higher in 0·25 %-BEE relative to HFD. These results suggest that BEE may have improved some metabolic disturbances present in this mouse model of obesity by lowering serum TAG, inflammatory markers and insulin resistance.
HospitalSUMMARY Immunohistochemical procedures were used to analyse the subpopulations of mononuclear cells in muscle biopsies from 24 patients with polymyositis. The character of the cellular infiltrate was similar at the perivascular, perimysial, and endomysial sites, with cytotoxic-suppressor T lymphocytes (T8 +) and macrophages being the dominant elements. Helper T lymphocytes (T4+) and B lymphocytes were present in smaller numbers. A control series of 17 muscle biopsies from normal subjects and patients with non-inflammatory myopathies and neurogenic conditions was also studied: the numbers of mononuclear cells present were much smaller than in polymyositis, but the ratio of T4:T8 lymphocytes was similar to that found in biopsies affected by polymyositis. We conclude that both cytotoxic-suppressor T lymphocytes and macrophages are important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathy. We also used the same techniques to investigate the T cell subsets in various non-inflammatory myopathies. We also investigated any possible correlation between serum creatine kinase concentrations and the intensity of inflammatory infiltrate at different sites in the muscle biopsy. Material and methodsCases of polymyositis during the years [1978][1979][1980][1981][1982][1983][1984] were taken from the surgical pathology files of the London Hospital, and 24 cases fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of Bohan and Peter.' There were five cases of dermatomyositis, and two cases of polymyositis associated with neoplasia (one thymoma and one gastric carcinoma).Seventeen biopsies from patients with noninflammatory myopathies were chosen at random, including seven cases that showed no histological abnormality. Table 1 summarises the patient details. All the biopsies were originally reported histologically by one of us (MS).The biopsy specimens had been stored at -160°C in liquid nitrogen; cryostat sections were cut at 5 microns and left overnight at room temperature. The sections were fixed in acetone for 20 minutes at room temperature, transferred to Tris buffered saline (TBS)
A number of different amphotericin B (AmB)-1,3-bis(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) treatment regimens were evaluated with our model of transplantable AKR leukemia. We found that dose levels and treatment schedules were critical in determining the number of survivors. A 4-day treatment regimen of 0.5 mg AmB/mouse on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 and 0.2 mg BCNU/mouse on day 4 was found to be the most effective and has been chosen as our standard regimen. The efficacy of the treatment regimen depended on the presence of a large tumor burden, and the response was abolished when the mice were preirradiated or treated with the immunosuppressive agent, cyclophosphamide. These results, as well as others which we discuss, supported our notion that AmB affected host immune response to the tumor.
Despite increased knowledge of healthy eating and exercise habits, obesity continues to be a public health concern in the U.S., resulting in many preventable comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cardiovascular disease (CVD), and premature death. Identifying new prevention and treatment strategies for obesity‐related conditions are a primary interest. Black elderberry has one of the highest concentrations of polyphenols per gram of dry weight of all commercially available foods and may be useful in mitigating the inflammatory effects of obesity. The objective of this study was to determine if anthocyanin‐rich black elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra) (BEE) could protect against low‐grade chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in a high‐fat diet induced obesity model using C57BL/6J mice. Mice were fed either a low fat diet (LFD), high‐fat diet (HFD), HFD + 0.25% (w/w) BEE (LBEE), or HFD + 1.25% (w/w) BEE (HBEE) for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks, there were significant reductions in liver weight, fasting triglycerides, fasting insulin, serum monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), and serum tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) in the LBEE and HBEE groups compared to the HFD group. No differences were observed in body weight or food intake between high‐fat diet groups. The homeostatic model assessment method (HOMA) was used to quantify insulin resistance and the LBEE and HBEE groups were found to have significantly lower values, indicating higher insulin sensitivity. These results suggest that black elderberry may have potential as a natural product to help reduce obesity‐associated chronic disease. [Supported by the UConn Research Foundation].
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