A herbicide safener, CGA-43089 [α-(cyanomethoximino)-benzacetonitrile], has been discovered which will allow the safe use of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethylacetamide] in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench]. Experiments revealed that sorghum is protected from injury by metolachlor when it is applied at rates as high as 4 kg/ha. Better protection was achieved when sorghum seed were treated directly with the safener than when it was mixed with the herbicide. A CGA-43089 rate of 1.25 to 1.5 g per kg of sorghum seed was adequate for protection. Sorghum tolerance to metolachlor was maintained with CGA-43089 when metolachlor was combined with severals-triazine herbicides. Metolachlor effectively controlled several annual grasses with an increase in sorghum yield.
At Urbana, Illinois, a 3‐year investigation of the effect of light reflection on corn yields has shown that a white reflective ground cover gave small, consistent corn yield increases over that on uncovered ground for 16 and 24 thousand plants per acre. The average yield increases for the 3‐year period were 12% and 7%, respectively. A nonreflective black ground cover provided average yield increases of 5% or less. The plastic was more effective in increasing yields when it was installed early in the season. In recent years there has been considerable interest in the use of plastic ground covers for certain high profit horticultural crops. The data obtained in this experiment would suggest that consideration should be given to highly reflective plastic surfaces.
Research has shown that adolescents in military families have higher rates of suicidal behaviors compared to their nonmilitary peers. This is typically attributed to military-specific stressors, but exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may also play a role. Our primary research objective was to determine whether cumulative exposure to ACEs mediates the relationship between military family involvement and attempted suicide. A two-stage cluster random sampling design was used to randomly sample 5,336 students from 98 high schools. Students were asked whether a parent or other adult in their home was serving on active duty in the military and attempted suicide in the past 12 months was assessed. Six measures of childhood abuse and household dysfunction were summed, and the ACE score was categorized as 0, 1, 2, and 3–6 ACEs. Weighted logistic regression and multinomial regression were used to assess differences in ACEs and attempted suicide, controlling for sex, age, race/ethnicity, rurality, and qualification for free/reduced lunch. To investigate potential mediation effects of ACEs on the relationship between military family and attempted suicide, we conducted path analyses controlling for demographics. Compared to their peers, students in military families had higher exposure to ACEs (1 ACE: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.88, 2.53], 2 ACEs: AOR = 2.07, 95% CI = [1.23, 3.48], and 3–6 ACEs: AOR = 2.57, 95% CI = [1.54, 4.27]) and twice the odds of attempting suicide in the past 12 months (AOR = 2.16, 95% CI = [1.30, 3.61]). Mediation analyses showed that cumulative exposure to ACEs completely mediated the relationship between military family involvement and attempted suicide. The study results highlight the need for trauma-informed approaches to mental health promotion with military families.
Four adapted corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) were grown in 76 cm and conventional rows at populations per hectare of 40, 50, 60, and 70,000 in 12 environments as provided by planting date and irrigation over a four−year period at two locations in Wisconsin. Analyses of variance were computed for yield within environments and at each hybrid‐cultural combination across environments. Attention was given to determining and interpreting optimum hybrid−cultural combinations within environments and consistency of performance across environments. Average overall grain yield was 6,394 kg/ha; and maximum yield was 11,441 kg/ha. Yield in conventional rows averaged 93.6% of yield in 76−cm rows, with greater differences for the dry year, late plantings, high populations, and late hybrid. In the favorable environments, first planted and irrigated, yields increased with population up to 60,000 while in the unfavorable environments, late planted and non−irrigated, yields were highest at the low population. Differences due to population were more pronounced in the unfavorable environments. Variance across environments averaged lowest for the 40,000 population and highest for the 70,000 population and for the late hybrid. Hybrid differences were greater for the first planting and in non−irrigated plots. Hybrid and population effects were small under irrigation. Coefficients of variability averaged highest for the unfavorable and lowest for the favorable environments.
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