Due to the lack of a standardized visual method for assessing bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae) in coffee leaves, a diagrammatic scale was developed and validated to quantify the disease. Leaves were collected in crops and nursery with different intensity of symptoms, and the true severity was determined electronically. Based on the frequency distribution of severity values and according to the Weber-Fechner's law of visual stimulus, the minimum and maximum limits and the intermediate levels in the scale were determined. Validation was performed by ten evaluators who estimated the severity of 50 leaves with different intensity of symptoms. One evaluation was performed without diagrammatic scale and two evaluations with the scale at 7-day intervals. The accuracy, precision, repeatability and reproducibility of the estimates were evaluated. The scale had nine levels: 0 (0%), 1 (0.1-0.99%), 2 (1-2%), 3 (2.01-4%), 4 (4.01-8%), 5 (8.01-16%), 6 (16.01-25%), 7 (25.01-45%) and 8 (≥45.1%). Using the scale, the evaluators were able to improve accuracy, precision, reproducibility and repeatability of estimates, compared to evaluators without scale. The scale was appropriate to visual estimation of severity of bacterial blight in coffee leaves.

No abstract

Este artigo apresenta uma análise da logística de distribuição e controle de estoques de uma distribuidora de medicamentos. Para tanto, são enfocadas as formas de distribuição e controle de estoque além da relevância do trabalho de marketing ligado à logística para obter a conquista e satisfação do cliente. Este estudo de caso foi desenvolvido em uma distribuidora de medicamentos situada em Juiz de Fora/MG que atende à região da Zona da Mata e o interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para a realização deste estudo de caso utilizou-se a coleta de dados por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada, levantamento documental e a observação não-participante. Como resultados, identificou-se que a distribuidora utiliza o sistema de distribuição um para muitos, organiza o estoque de produtos por produto e não terceiriza o serviço de entrega. A distribuidora necessita da utilização de um sistema de informação que permita melhor integração entre os setores da empresa. Palavras-Chave Logística, estoque, distribuidora de medicamentos.

<p>Bacterial blight of coffee (<em>Pseudomonas</em> <em>syringae</em> pv. <em>garcae</em>) (PSG) has been causing damage and losses to coffee growing. However, initial stages of the infectious process<em> </em>should be described in order to understand the relationship cycle and to propose efficient management strategies. This study described the initial stages of<strong> </strong>infectious process of the PSG in coffee leaves over time. The bacterial penetration sites studied were stomata, leaf margins, and wounds. Coffee seedlings received 50μL inoculum suspension at marked points on the abaxial face and leaf margins, and around wounds. By 30 minutes, 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours after inoculation, leaf disks collected at inoculated points were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. One hour after inoculation, bacterial groups could be seen as result of cell multiplication. Subsequently, the number of grouped bacteria increased proportionally over time. A growing population concentration was found near stomata, wounds, epidermal appendages, and wax layer on leaf margins and leaf tip. Bacteria were positioned in their long axis starting from structures, thus creating a population gradient and displacement flow toward penetration pathways. Initial stages of infectious process occurred in all penetration sites, thus it was not possible to determine a preferred pathway.</p>

No abstract

Many techniques of forecasting are based upon extrapolation from time series. While such techniques have useful applications, they entail strong assumptions which are not expli$t& e%unciated_Furth_ermore, the time series approach is not based on an indigenous forecast principle. The first attack from the present point of viewwasinitiated by S. -. S. Wilks. _ _ _ Of particular interest over a wide range of operational situations in reliability, for example, is the behavior of the extremes of the Weibull and Gumbel distributions. Here we formulate forecasters for the minima of various forms of these distributions. The forecasters are determined for minimization in mean square of the distance. From n original observations the forecaster provides the minimum of the next m observations when the original distribution is maintained.For each of the forecasters developed, tables of efficiency have been calculated and included in the appendix. An explicit example has been included for one of the forecasters. Its performance has been demonstrated by the use of Monte Car10 technique. The results indicate that the forecaster can be used in practice with satisfactory results. ___- INTRODUCTIONA basic scientific problem which has many ramifications is that of estimating future process outcomes from an observed set of outcomes. This is a problem of long standing, that is, in essence, the fundamental problem of forecasting. This problem can be, and has been, approached in many ways. Yet it is not often recognized and expressed as a problem of forecasting. An early (the first) fundamental contribution to forecasting future process outcomes from a given set of, say, n process outcomes was made by S. S. Wilks [22, 231 in his pioneering papers on "Non-parametric tolerance intervals" in which he introduced a new statistical interval, referred to in the literature either as a tolerance or a prediction interval. It turns out that Wilks' results have great practical usefilness as well as simplicity and elegance which are hard to match.

A diagrammatic scale with five levels (0, 0.1 – 2.0, 2.0 – 6.0, 6.0 – 10, and 10 – 14) was developed and evaluated to measure the symptoms of heat injury in a coffee seedling canopy. The scale was constructed to increase assessment efficiency and align the estimations more closely with the actual values. Two assessments with the diagrammatic scale and one without were conducted with an interval of seven days. The evaluators using the proposed scale presented estimates with better levels of precision, accuracy, reproducibility, and repeatability than those using a conventional method. The proposed diagrammatic scale was shown to provide a reliable estimate for assessing the symptoms of heat injury on the canopy of in Coffea arabica L. seedlings. Therefore, it is possible to standardize heat injury evaluation methods using this diagrammatic scale, allowing for data comparisons with different cultivars.

No abstract