ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of magnification on the quality of two pre‐clinical procedures, class I cavity preparations and composite resin restorations, and to evaluate the working posture.MethodsThis was an experimental laboratory study. The response variables were the quality of cavity preparations and Class I restorations as well as the working posture adopted during the execution of these procedures. The independent variables were the magnification system under four levels (unaided visualisation, the use of a simple loupe, the use of a Galilean loupe and the use of a Keplerian loupe) and the artificial teeth treated. Class I cavity preparations and restorations (N = 320) were performed using standardised procedures, and the quality achieved was evaluated using pre‐established criteria. Working posture was recorded using digital video cameras and was evaluated using the Compliance Assessment of Dental Ergonomic Posture Requirements (CADEP). A two‐factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparison test were performed (α = 0.05).ResultsThe quality of cavity preparation did not differ significantly amongst the different magnification systems (P = 0.082). Galilean and Keplerian systems had a positive impact on restoration quality only for the left mandibular first molar (P = 0.04). Higher posture scores were observed when Galilean and Keplerian loupes (P = 0.01) were used, regardless of the tooth being treated.ConclusionThe use of Galilean and Keplerian magnification lenses did not affect the quality of the pre‐clinical procedures performed whilst improved the scores of ergonomic posture.
Objectives: Students experience difficulty working with indirect vision and often adopt inadequate working postures because of it. This study created and then assessed the effects of an indirect vision preclinical training programme on dental students' working posture. Methods: The study enrolled students in the third year of the 5-year undergraduate programme in dentistry in the School of Dentistry of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara (N = 54). The programme consisted of four training sessions in which students performed different types of activities in which only a mirror was used to see the procedure they were performing. To evaluate posture, students were asked to perform class III cavity preparations (distal-palatal and mesial-palatal preparations) on upper central and lateral incisors in a dental mannequin (tooth numbers 11, 12, 21 and 22) both before and after the indirect vision training programme. Photographs were taken of the students' working postures. The photographs were assessed by a duly trained researcher using the Compliance Assessment of Dental ErgonomicPosture Requirements. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed, and the assumptions of normality were verified. Student's paired t test was also performed. The significance level adopted was 5%.Results: A significant difference was found between the percentages of correct ergonomic postures adopted before and after the training programme (p = 0.039). Conclusions:The preclinical training programme for indirect vision was found to have a positive effect on the working postures of the students evaluated herein.
Objectives To identify dental students’ perceptions of stress over returning to in‐person clinical training after remote learning required from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Methods This was a qualitative observational study. The sample was composed of undergraduate students ( n = 47) in the final year of São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Araraquara program. The data were collected using a questionnaire created in Google Forms. The data was analyzed using the discourse of the collective subject technique. Results More than half of the students (63.8%) reported experiencing stress in the transition from remote learning to clinical training. According to the students, the main causes of this stress were fear of COVID‐19 infection or contamination (31.5%) and insecurity in their clinical treatment skills after having gone so long without training (25.5%). Half of the students surveyed (51.1%) exhibited at least one stress‐related symptom. For most of the students (70.2%), remote learning was insufficient to prepare them for returning to in‐person clinical activities. Performing laboratory pre‐clinical activities prior to clinical training was the suggestion most frequently cited by the students (25.5%), as a way to avoid some of the stress associated with their return to in‐person learning. The main coping strategies adopted by the students upon their return to in‐person learning were making the most of their clinical training, planning cases, and studying relevant topics before treating patients (48.9%). Conclusion The dental students perceived high levels of stress during the transition from remote learning to clinical training.
Objectives To determine the effect of different levels of Galilean loupe magnification on working posture as measured by compliance with ergonomic posture positions, angular deviation from the neutral position of the neck, and muscle activation in the neck and upper back region during simulated clinical conditions. Methods An experimental laboratory study was performed in which the dependent variables were compliance with ergonomic posture requirements while performing simulated restorative procedures in Restorative Dentistry, angular deviation from the neutral position of the neck, and muscle activation in the neck and upper back. The independent variable was the level of Galilean loupe magnification, which was tested at four levels (naked eye, 2.5× magnification, 3.0× magnification, and 3.5× magnification). The cavity preparations and Class I composite resin restorations were performed on artificial first molars on a mannequin in a dental chair. The Compliance Assessment of Dental Ergonomic Posture Requirements (CADEP) was used for the postural analysis; as was an analysis of the angular deviation from the neutral position of the neck and surface electromyography. Working posture was recorded on video over the course of the procedure. Participants were filmed from three different angles. The Compliance Assessment of Dental Ergonomic Posture Requirements (CADEP) assessed compliance with ergonomic posture requirements. A locally produced posture assessment software analyzed angular deviation. Surface electromyography bilaterally assessed activation of the sternocleidomastoid, descending trapezius and ascending trapezius muscles. Two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and either Tukey’s post-hoc test or the Games-Howell post-hoc test were performed (α = 0.05). Results During the cavity preparations and restorations, the use of Galilean loupes at all magnifications positively influenced working posture as measured by participants’ compliance with ergonomic posture positions (p < 0.01) and neck angulation (p < 0.01); the use of these loupes did not affect muscle activation in the regions evaluated (p > 0.05). Conclusion The use of Galilean loupes had a positive effect on dental students’ working posture during the restoration procedures performed.
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