BackgroundDespite the existence of various published studies regarding the effects of tobacco smoking on pregnancy, and especially in regards to placental blood flow and vascular resistance, some points still require clarification. In addition, the amount of damage due to tobacco smoking exposure that occurs has not been quantified by objective means. In this study, we looked for a possible association between flow resistance indices of several arteries and the levels of urinary cotinine and the concentration of carbon monoxide in the exhaled air (COex) of both smoking and non-smoking pregnant women. We also looked for a relationship between those findings and fetal growth and birth weight.MethodsIn a prospective design, thirty pregnant smokers and thirty-four pregnant non-smokers were studied. The volunteers signed consent forms, completed a self-applied questionnaire and were subjected to Doppler velocimetry. Tobacco smoking exposure was quantified by subject provided information and confirmed by the measurement of urinary cotinine levels and by the concentration of carbon monoxide in the exhaled air (COex). The weight of newborns was evaluated immediately after birth.ResultsComparing smoking to non-smoking pregnant women, a significant increase in the resistance index was observed in the uterine arteries (P = 0.001) and umbilical artery (P = 0.001), and a decrease in the middle cerebral artery (P = 0.450). These findings were associated with progressively higher concentrations of COex and urinary cotinine. A decrease in the birth weight was also detected (P < 0.001) in association with a progressive increase in the tobacco exposure of the pregnant woman.ConclusionsIn pregnant women who smoke, higher arterial resistance indices and lower birth weights were observed, and these findings were associated with increasing levels of tobacco smoking exposure. The values were significantly different when compared to those found in non-smoking pregnant women. This study contributes to the findings that smoking damage during pregnancy is dose-dependent, as demonstrated by the objective methods for measuring tobacco smoking exposure.
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy has several impacts on fetal development, including teratogenic effects. The objective of this study was to assess whether the toxic substances (cotinine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) found in pregnant smokers are transmitted to their fetuses. The outcomes were analyzed measuring cotinine and 1-hydroxypyrene in the amniotic fluid and maternal urine, benzopyrene and cotinine in the umbilical cord blood. Through a controlled cross-sectional design, 125 pregnant women were selected and classified according to their smoking status: 37 current smokers, 25 passive smokers and 63 non-smokers (controls). We performed high-performance liquid chromatography to measure substances’ concentrations. A post-hoc Tukey’s test was used to analyze the differences between the groups. All variables were significantly different between controls and smokers. The mean ratios between the concentration of cotinine in smokers compared to controls were as follows: 5.9 [2.5–13.5], p<0.001 in the urine; 25 [11.9–52.9], p<0.001 in the amniotic fluid; and 2.6 [1.0–6.8], p = 0.044 in the umbilical cord blood. The mean ratios of 1-hydroxypyrene concentration between smokers and controls were 7.3 [1.6–29.6], p = 0.003 in the urine and 1.3 [1.0–1.7], p = 0.012 in the amniotic fluid, and of benzopyrene in umbilical cord blood was 2.9 [1.7–4.7], p<0.001. There were no significant differences between controls and passive smokers. When comparing the three groups together, there were statistical differences between all variables. Thus, the fetuses of pregnant smokers are exposed to toxic and carcinogens substances. To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure 1-hydroxypyrene in the amniotic fluid and benzopyrene in umbilical cord blood by high-performance liquid chromatography when considering pregnant women in relation to smoking exposure only.
Apresentamos um caso de gestação espontânea em uma paciente com útero septado completo e duplicação cervical. Paciente com 34 anos, branca, nuligesta, ciclos regulares, com suspeita de septo uterino em exame ecográfico. Ao exame, apresentava septo vaginal longitudinal até a região himenal e dois colos uterinos. Solicitada ecografia pélvica tridimensional que evidenciou duplicação cervical, septo uterino do istmo à cavidade endometrial e ausência de divisão do corpo uterino, compatível com útero septado completo e duplicação cervical verdadeira. Um mês após, relatou relação sexual desprotegida e atraso menstrual. Ao exame ecográfico foi visualizado saco gestacional único na cavidade uterina direita. Apresentou gestação sem intercorrências. A cesariana ocorreu com 37 semanas, com recém-nascido do sexo feminino saudável e puerpério normal. Esse caso ilustra uma gestação espontânea, sem intercorrências, em uma rara anomalia, cujo impacto reprodutivo ainda não está totalmente elucidado.
Objetivo: describir una rara alteración de la fusión de los canales de Müller.Diseño: presentación de casoReporte del caso: una paciente asiste a la consulta con un examen de ultrasonido en cuya descripción se plantea la sospecha de útero septado. El examen ginecológico reveló un septo vaginal longitudinal, que llegaba hasta la región del himen y la presencia de dos cuellos. La ecografía pélvica tridimensional mostró duplicación del cuello, útero septado que comprometía desde el istmo hasta la cavidad uterina pero sin división del cuerpo uterino, compatible con útero septado y cuello doble. Conclusión: este caso representa una rara malformación no incluida dentro de la clasificación habitual de las malformaciones Müllerianas y que no tiene explicación embriogénica, que se apoya en la teoría de la fusión unidireccional de los canales de Müller. La ecografía tridimensional, es un examen simple y de bajo costo y demostró ser una buena opción para el diagnóstico definitivo de esta malformación, por lo que debe ser considerada dentro del arsenal de exámenes complementarios.
Objetivo: evaluar la influencia del tabaquismo femenino, activo y pasivo, sobre los resultados de la fertilización in vitro (FIV) de mujeres fumadoras.Diseño: estudio de cohorte.Materiales y métodos: ciento diecinueve (119) parejas fueron sometidas a FIV, en primerintento, cuya indicación fue el factor tubario, fueron divididos en 3 grupos: mujeres no fumadoras (n=81), mujeres fumadoras pasivas (n=15) y mujeres fumadoras verdaderas (n=23). Los resultados de laboratorio de la FIV fueron analizados en separado.Resultados: las mujeres fumadoras tuvieron un bajo índice de fertilización (40,7%) y mala calidad embrionaria (70,6%) en comparación con las no fumadoras (59,1% y 82,5%) y las fumadoras pasivas (67,4% y 87,9%) (p<0,05). No se ha encontrado diferencia en el numero de oocitos obtenidos y de embriones clivados entre los grupos.Conclusiones: los resultados indican que el éxito de la FIV puede estar afectado negativamente en las fumadoras, donde el índice de fertilización es menor y la calidad embrionaria peor.
Correção cirúrgica da coartação da aorta nos primeiros seis meses de vida. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2002; 17(2): 29-35.RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados imediatos e tardios da correção cirúrgica da coartação da aorta torácica (CoAo) nos primeiros seis meses de vida.Casuística e Métodos: Entre janeiro de 1994 e maio de 2001, 89 pacientes foram submetidos à correção de CoAo pelas técnicas de aortoplastia com flap de subclávia (Grupo 1 / n=49), e resseção com anastomose término-terminal (Grupo 2 / n=40). Foram analisadas e comparadas as seguintes variáveis: idade no momento da operação, presença de anomalias intracardíacas, gradiente de pressão pré e pós-operatório, complicações e mortalidade cirúrgicas, bem como sobrevida tardia livre de eventos.Resultados: Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (n=60 -68%) e a grande maioria dos casos foram operados no primeiro mês de vida, por insuficiência cardíaca (IC) refratária (n=62 -70%). A CoAo apresentou-se isolada em 23 (26%) pacientes, e associada a defeitos intracardíacos em 66 (74%). O gradiente médio pré e pós-operatório foi, respectivamente, de 42 mmHg e 4,5 mmHg, não havendo diferença entre os grupos. As complicações cirúrgicas mais freqüentes foram hipertensão arterial persistente (n=27), estenose residual (n=5) e sangramento (n=3), e a mortalidade operatória foi de 10,2% (n=9), sendo significativamente maior nos casos com cardiopatias associadas (12% vs. 4% -p<0,05). Não houve diferença na incidência de complicações e mortalidade entre os grupos. A ocorrência de recoartação tardia foi de 16% no grupo 1 e 15% no grupo 2 (p=NS), e a taxa de sobrevida livre de eventos em 60 meses foi de 76% e 81%, respectivamente (p=NS).Conclusões: A maioria dos casos de CoAo manifesta nos primeiros meses de vida requer correção ainda precocemente, por IC refratária. A mortalidade cirúrgica é significativa naqueles pacientes com defeitos intracardíacos; não houve diferenças na morbi-mortalidade e na incidência de recoartação, entre as técnicas cirúrgicas empregadas.
Contents of this paper were reviewed by the Technical Committee of the 16 th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society and do not necessarily represent any position of the SBGf, its officers or members. Electronic reproduction or storage of any part of this paper for commercial purposes without the written consent of the Brazilian Geophysical Society is prohibited.
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