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PURPOSE. We investigated the independent impact of potential risk factors on myopia in young adults. METHODS.A survey study was conducted with male military conscripts aged 18 to 24 years between February 2010 and March 2011 in Taiwan. The participants were examined using non-cycloplegic autorefraction and biometry. The participants provided data about potential risk factors, including age, parental myopia, education, near work, outdoor activity, and urbanization. Myopia was defined as the mean spherical equivalent of the right eye of 0.5 diopters (D).RESULTS. Among 5145 eligible participants, 5048 (98.11%) had refraction and questionnaire data available; 2316 (45.88%) of these received axial length examination. The prevalence of myopia was 86.1% with a mean refractive error of À3.66 D (SD ¼ 2.73) and an axial length of 25.40 mm (SD ¼ 1.38). Older age, having myopic parents, higher education level, more time spent reading, nearer reading distance, less outdoor activity, and higher urbanization level were associated with myopia and longer axial length. More computer use was related to longer axial length. All risk factors associated with myopia also were predictors of high myopia ( À6.0 D), with the exception of outdoor activity. Finally, an interaction analysis showed shorter axial length was associated with more time spent outdoors only at high urbanization level. CONCLUSIONS.Older age, parental myopia, higher education level, more near work, less outdoor activity, and higher urbanization level were independent predictors of myopia. These data provided evidence to the multifactorial nature of myopia in young men in Taiwan. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.

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This article seeks to construct and examine a model of entrepreneurial learning in incubation programmes by investigating focal tenants’ proactive leveraging of incubator-tenant social capital. Few have examined the interrelationships between social capital, interorganizational learning and incubation from a perspective treating tenant firms as focal actors. Surveys were collected from incubation programmes in Taiwan, where innovation and knowledge-based entrepreneurship is a critical success factor for both social and economic progress. Data were analysed by multiple regression and structural equation modelling. Results indicate that tenants’ proactive utilization of tenant-incubator social capital positively influences interorganizational learning mechanisms (OLM), which in turn transforms the benefit of social relationships into tenants’ performance, in terms of technological capability, managerial competence and satisfaction with (the) incubation programme. Theoretically, this article complements interorganizational network and interorganizational relation perspectives of social capital to understand the complex entrepreneurial learning, value creation and appropriation for entrepreneurial firms in incubation programmes. We argue that strong relationship and network contents with the hub organization can complement weakness in structural status. Practically, design for strategic networking practices, interorganizational learning management for capability building and innovation and policy considerations are discussed.

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