Sustainable entrepreneurship pursues a triple bottom line approach of economic, social and ecological goals. The main aim of this paper is to add to our understanding of the process of sustainable entrepreneurship. Since the field of sustainable entrepreneurship is in a nascent stage, we conduct a qualitative study. We employ a multiple case study design to build theory. Based on four case studies we develop a model, which describes the process of sustainable entrepreneurship, including six phases: 1) recognizing a social or ecological problem; 2) recognizing a social or ecological opportunity; 3) developing a double bottom line solution; 4) developing a triple bottom line solution; 5) funding and forming of a sustainable enterprise; 6) creating or entering a sustainable market. By developing a convergent process model with two pathways, we make theoretical contributions to the emerging fields of sustainable entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship. A key finding is that the triple bottom line of ecological, social and economic goals is integrated sequentially, not simultaneously. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

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Crowdfunding has emerged as an important alternative financing tool for entrepreneurs. Extant research on the antecedents of crowdfunding success have produced divergent results. By applying the cross-disciplinary lens of strategic linguistic framing, that is, framing campaign messages in a way that is salient and that resonates with the values of the audience, we experimentally examine the role of value framing for a successful campaign outcome. Our results indicate that altruistically framed campaigns have a higher chance for funding compared to campaigns that emphasize egoistic or environmental motives, but even more importantly, that message framing needs to be aligned with the personal values of the backers. As such, our study highlights important similarities between resource mobilization in social movements and in crowdfunding.

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While bromo- and iodocyclizations have recently been successfully implemented, the challenging chlorocyclizations have been scantly investigated. We present a selective and generally applicable concept on chlorination-induced polyene cyclization by utilizing...

Nature forges a plethora of structurally divers polyenes with high efficiency and selectivity in a single cyclization step from achiral precursor. Imitating this powerful strategy has been the subject of numerous synthetic efforts. While bromo- and iodocyclizations have recently been successfully implemented, chlorocyclizations have been scantly investigated. Here, we present a selective and generally applicable biomimetic concept on a direct chlorination-induced polyene cyclization by utilizing a confined HFIP-chlorenium network inspired by the enzymatic pocket of terpene cyclases. Chloro-iodanes proved to be superior as electrophilic chlorine source. Together with catalytic amounts of saccharine in HFIP, a manifold of different alkenes with various inter- and intramolecular nucleophiles were converted with high yields and selectivities (up to 78% yield and d.r. >95:5). The cyclization platform was even extended to several structurally challenging terpenes and terpenoid carbon frameworks. NMR experiments revealed attractive non-covalent interactions between the F-alcohol and the lactone moiety in chloro-iodanes that are probably facilitating the chlorocyclization. The present results mark another milestone in the biomimetic cyclization of polyenes, allowing direct and selective access to these powerful molecules.