Bacteria integrate CO2 reduction and acetyl coenzyme-A (CoA) synthesis in the Wood-Ljungdal pathway. The acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) active site is a [4Fe4S]-[NiNi] complex (A-cluster). The dinickel site structure (with proximal, p, and distal, d, ions) was studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy in ACS variants comprising all three protein domains or only the C-terminal domain with the A-cluster. Both variants showed two square-planar Ni(II) sites and an OH- bound at Ni(II)p in oxidized enzyme and a H2O at Ni(I)p in reduced enzyme; a Ni(I)p-CO species was induced by CO incubation and a Ni(II)-CH3- species with an additional water ligand by a methyl group donor. These findings render a direct effect of the N-terminal and middle domains on the A-cluster structure unlikely.
The article is devoted to the problem of translation of culture specific words from Russian into English in literary works. Translation of cultural concepts is an important aspect of preserving cultural identity of a literary work. The main purpose of the study is to analyze possible translation strategies of culture-bound elements in domestic and foreign theory and to identify the actual patterns of translation of these elements in practice. The material for the practical analysis was taken from the novel Zuleikha by Guzel Yakhina and its translation into English.
The analysis deals with major themes in Graham Swift's Waterland. The complex relation between modernism and postmodernism. The novel represents a mixture of genres. The novel was investigated through the prism of historical prose, a fusion of family, psychological novel and novel ideas.
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