Harvesting wild seaweeds has a long history and is still relevant today, even though aquaculture now supplies >96% of global seaweed production. Current wild harvests mostly target canopy-forming kelp, rockweed and red macroalgae that provide important ecosystem roles, including primary production, carbon storage, nutrient cycling, habitat provision, biodiversity and fisheries support. Harvest methods range from selective hand-cutting to bottom trawling. Resulting ecosystem impacts depend on extraction method and scale, ranging from changes in primary production to habitat disruption, fragmentation, food-web alterations and bycatch of non-target species. Current management often aims for sustainable harvesting in a single-species context, although some agencies acknowledge the wider ecosystem structure, functions and services seaweeds provide. We outline potential ecosystem-based management approaches that would help sustain productive and diverse seaweed-based ecosystems. These include maintaining high canopy biomass, recovery potential, habitat structure and connectivity, limiting bycatch and discards, while incorporating seasonal closures and harvest-exclusion zones into spatial management plans. Other sustainability considerations concern monitoring, enforcement and certification standards, a shift to aquaculture, and addressing cumulative human impacts, invasive species and climate change. Our review provides a concise overview on how to define and operationalize ecosystem-based management of seaweed harvesting that can inform ongoing management and conservation efforts.
<p>Glacial erosion has often been parameterized as proportional to glacier sliding velocity, while the role played by local geology, hydrology and climate remain largely unquantified. As a result, our understanding of the links between global climate, tectonics and glacial erosion is limited. To address this shortcoming, we present a comprehensive synthesis of previously published Quaternary glacial erosion rates from six different measurement techniques integrated over 10<sup>-2</sup>&#160;to 10<sup>6</sup>&#160;years: (i) instrumental measurements beneath active glaciers, (ii) sediment fluxes derived from&#160;meltwater&#160;streams or&#160;(iii)&#160;ice-marginal deposits, (iv) terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide&#160;dating&#160;(TCN),&#160;(vi)&#160;luminescence&#160;thermochronometry,&#160;and (v) relief generation of chronologically constrained surfaces.&#160;Our synthesis includes&#160;1065&#160;empirical&#160;data points and 465&#160;erosion rates&#160;from ice sheets, ice caps, and topographically confined glaciers&#160;that&#160;range over&#160;six&#160;orders of magnitude, between 10<sup>-4</sup>&#160;and 100&#160;mm yr<sup>-1</sup>.&#160;Using a filtered dataset of contemporary erosion&#160;rates,&#160;we apply machine learning tools, using available environmental,&#160;glaciological,&#160;and geological datasets to assess the dominant controls&#160;on subgroups of nominal data categories.&#160;&#160;On a global scale, while glacial sliding velocity is an important control,&#160;we also discover equally strong or stronger correlations&#160;between other glaciological,&#160;environmental,&#160;and lithological parameters and glacial erosion rate, some of which have not been previously documented.&#160;</p><p>&#160;</p>
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