Urbanization brings the introduction of roads and anthropogenic noise. Noise has negative health outcomes across vertebrates. White's treefrogs (Litoria caerulea) exposed to ecologically relevant levels of traffic noise for one week had elevated circulating corticosterone levels and decreased sperm count and sperm viability relative to controls.
Long-term elevation of glucocorticoid hormones associated with chronic stress may be detrimental. Chronic treatment of White's treefrogs with exogenous corticosterone reduced eosinophil numbers but did not alter sperm count or sperm viability. We suggest that corticosterone inhibits immune but not reproductive function in this species in response to chronic stress.
Olympus) hysteroscope. The Gyrus ACMI hysteroscope setup allows for the hysteroscopic lens to be introduced through the obturator piece and advancement of the hysteroscope under direct vision. In turn, this provides continuous optical contact with the working area. Normal saline used as a distension medium for initial diagnostic hysteroscope was replaced with Glycine 1.5%, if operative interventions required the use of monopolar current. No pre-or post-operative antibiotic was used. RESULTS: Once a false passage was suspected, an attempt was made to overcome this problem. First the patient's position was adjusted such that the patient buttocks were even with the lower break of the table allowing for maximum manipulation of hysteroscope. The hysteroscope was slowly withdrawn in the cervical canal, to identify both the false passage and the internal os. The weight speculum was replaced by a Deaver Retractor to further enable better manipulation of the hysteroscope. A tilt in the tip of hysteroscope was made in the direction of the internal os which was then negotiated as the hysteroscope was carefully advanced into the endometrial cavity. In three patients this technique failed, so the bridge of tissue between the internal os and false passage was partially divided using hysteroscopic scissors or straight resectoscope loop, enlarging the correct entrance and allowing for entry into the endometrial cavity. The intended procedures were completed successfully. No intra-operative or post-operative complications occurred as a result of our techniques. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the techniques described in this study to overcome false passage during hysteroscopy, appear to be safe, effective, and easy to perform. They enable the surgeon to complete the intended procedure.
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