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Milk or commercial milk replacer blends are the most expensive components in fi nal costs of calves breeding. Colostrum is available and it is the appropriate sources for calves' nutrition

We conclude that the use of hyphal inocula of P. insidiosum for in vitro susceptibility tests could be a suitable method for evaluating antimicrobial susceptibility, particularly when it is not possible to obtain a standardized zoospore inoculum.

The present study was conducted to elucidate the composition, antifungal and antiinflammatory activities and cytotoxicity of Daucus carota subsp. gummifer essential oil. Aerial parts of the plants were hydrodistilled and the oil analysed by GC and GC-MS. The oil was characterized by high contents of monoterpenes (83.9%), the major compounds being geranyl acetate (37.0%) and α-pinene (30.9%). The daucane sesquiterpene, carotol, was also found in relatively high amounts (11.0%). For the antifungal activity, minimal inhibitory and minimal lethal concentrations (MIC and MLC, respectively) were determined against several pathogenic fungi strains. The oil was particularly active against dermatophytes and Cryptococcus neoformans, with MIC values ranging from 0.32 to 0.64 μL/mL. Concerning the anti-inflammatory potential, the oil demonstrated a strong anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production in both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered macrophages and microglia cells. NO scavenging activity was also assessed using the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,Lpenicillamine and a significant effect was disclosed. To assure that the bioactivity of the oil was achieved without detrimental effects to cells, the toxicity of Daucus carota subsp. gummifer oil was investigated using the MTT assay in several mammalian cell lines: macrophages (Raw 264.7), keratinocytes (HaCat), hepatocytes (HepG2) and 3 microglia (N9). Interestingly, we detected a cytotoxic effect only for the highest concentrations of the oil, thus assuring a safe toxicological profile at bioactive concentrations. These results advise that Daucus carota subsp. gummifer essential oil should be explored as a natural source of antifungal and anti-inflammatory drugs with potential application both at the peripheral and central nervous system levels, thus supporting in vivo studies focused in the management of dermatophytosis and/or inflammatoryrelated diseases.

The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial action of Origanum vulgare, Origanum majorana, Mentha piperita and Rosmarinus officinalis on Pythium insidiosum oomycete zoospores. The antimicrobial activity evaluation was performed by the broth microdilution method according to CSLI M38-A2 documentation adapted to phytopharmaceuticals. Twenty-two P. insidiosum isolates were evaluated, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined at 100% growth inhibition. All P. insidiosum isolates evaluated showed a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.05 to 1.75 mg/mL when O. vulgare oil was used and from 0.11 to 3.5 mg/mL for O. majorana, M. piperita and R. officinalis oils. The results obtained indicate that the essential oils tested showed antimicrobial activity on P. insidiosum, with O. vulgare essential oil showing the best performance. These findings emphasize the potential use of plant essential oils as control agents in P. insidiosum infections; further research, however, is needed so as the in vivo activity of these oils can also be evaluated.