ObjectivesTo assess the internal consistency and construct validity of the Finnish translation of the Jenkins Sleep Scale (JSS) in a large healthy working-age population with diverse work characteristics.DesignSurvey-based cross-sectional cohort study.SettingSurvey conducted by an institute of occupational health.ParticipantsEmployees of 10 towns and 6 hospital districts.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe internal consistency defined by a Cronbach’s alpha. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to evaluate the construct structure of the JSS.ResultsOf 81 136 respondents, 14 890 (18%) were men and 66 246 (82%) were women. Their average age was 52.1 (13.2) years. Of the respondents, 41 823 (52%) were sleeping 7 or less hours per night. The mean JSS total score was 6.4 (4.8) points. The JSS demonstrated high internal consistency with an alpha of 0.80 (lower 95% confidence limit 0.80). Exploratory factor analysis supported a one-factor solution with eigenvalue of 1.94. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that all four items were positively correlated with a single common factor explaining 44%–61% of common factor’s variance.ConclusionsThe Finnish translation of JSS was found to be a unidimensional scale with good internal consistency. As such, the scale may be recommended as a practicable questionnaire when studying sleep difficulties in a healthy working-age population.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in migraine measured by decrease in pain severity or attack frequency. Methods: A search at the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CEN-TRAL), MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus. The risk of systematic bias was rated by using the Cochrane domain-based quality assessment tool. A randomeffects model was used. Results: Of 434 identified records, 8 randomized control studies were included in the meta-synthesis. All have used a high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The risk of systematic bias was low. The difference between repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and control groups in frequency of migraine days per month was 8.1 (95% confidence interval = 4.8-11.4) days in favor of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Respectively, for intensity of migraine pain (scaled from 0 to 100), this difference was 13.6 (95% confidence interval = 5.3-21.8) points in favor of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. The heterogeneity was substantial with I 2 = 86%. Conclusions: In chronic migraine, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation seems to have positive effects on both migraine pain severity and attack frequency compared with sham stimulation. Although the effect on pain intensity was probably clinically insignificant, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduced pain frequency by 8 days per month on average.
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