In this paper we discuss the current state of product family testing. Testing, unlike other areas of software development, has received only little attention in this context despite the problems directly rising from scale, reuse and variability. We present the current approaches to product family testing methodology and processes. We also evaluate the current state-of-the-art in product family testing and highlight problems that need to be addressed in the future.
studies and supervision, and are more likely to abandon their studies than students in the humanities (Saari and Moilanen 2011). Evidence also indicates that graduates in the biological sciences may experience greater difficulty finding employment and with further career development after earning their PhD (Yerkes, van de Schoot and Sonnevald 2012). Accordingly, our understanding of what causes doctoral students in the bio-and environmental sciences to disengage from their thesis journey is insufficient; hence, the need to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature and sources of this disengagement. This study aims to investigate the anatomy of doctoral students' disengagement by exploring the forms of and reasons for it. Analysing doctoral student disengagement enables one to identify the central developmental objectives of doctoral education and to further develop more engaging learning environments for doctoral students and even to prevent dropouts due to disengagement. Disengagement Conducting doctoral research can be reflected in terms of both academic work and studying. Students take their first steps as professional researchers by carrying out doctoral research while at the same time being trained to become researchers (Authors et al. 2013a; Authors 2012c). This is particularly true in Finland, where doctoral studies focus heavily on conducting research, rather than on coursework. The doctoral degree entails a doctoral thesis, seminars, coursework, and a public defence. No extensive separate coursework need be completed before undertaking doctoral research. Coursework (from 40 to 60 ECTS, depending on the discipline) in doctoral studies is usually individually designed to support the thesis project and is based on personal study plans. Because of this duality, this study
Object-to-relational maps are nowadays routinely utilized in providing a persistency mechanism for object-oriented programs. We present how an object-to-relational mapper, such as Hibernate, provides transparent persistency to object-oriented programs. We then show how the existing approaches of eager and lazy fetching of associations are problematic under the face of program evolution. As an improvement, we present selfconfiguring components, which reflectively configure the persistency layer usage sites, thus leading to improved maintainability of software.A self-configuring component analyses the actual persistency layer usage pattern. Based on this information, the actual queries are configured. A general algorithm for retrieving the actual usage pattern is given. As an implementation mechanism, we discuss different approaches for the self-configuring components. Practical choices for implementation can vary between analysis of abstract syntax trees and Java byte-code analysis. Suitability of two byte-code analysis frameworks, namely BCEL and Soot are evaluated.
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