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particular, the study team at the HOVON Data Center at the Erasmus MC Cancer Institute and the 2 central laboratories at Amsterdam UMC and Rigshospitalet.The work was supported by AbbVie and Janssen who also provided study drugs and had the option to comment on the manuscript.

IntroductionLiterature is scarce on the combination treatment of ibrutinib and venetoclax (IV) is scarce in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (RR-CLL). Especially, the possibility of stopping ibrutinib in RR-CLL patients in deep remission is unclear.Methods and analysisIn the HOVON 141/VISION trial, patients with RR-CLL are treated with 12 cycles of IV after a short induction with ibrutinib. Patients reaching undetectable minimal residual disease (uMRD) after 12 cycles of IV are randomised 1:2 to continue ibrutinib or stop treatment. The persistence of uMRD after stopping IV is studied. In addition, in patients who become positive for MRD again after stopping, IV treatment is reinitiated. The efficacy of this approach with regard to progression-free survival 12 months after randomisation is the primary endpoint of the study.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol respects the Helsinki declaration and has been approved by the ethical committee of the Amsterdam Medical Center. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed papers. All patients who fulfil the inclusion criteria and no-exclusion criteria, and have signed the informed consent form are included in the study.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT03226301).

Background: Novel targeted treatment options with fixed or minimal residual disease (MRD) guided duration are warranted for patients with R/R CLL. Post-treatment MRD has proven to predict outcome in patients receiving chemo-immunotherapy (CIT). With the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib as a single agent, rarely undetectable MRD (uMRD) is seen despite high long-term efficacy. The Bcl-2 inhibitor venetoclax + CD-20 targeting antibody results in a significant proportion of patients with uMRD; early data indicating correlation of MRD status with progression free survival in R/R CLL. Aim: The aim of the VISION / HOVON 141 phase 2 study is to evaluate feasibility of MRD-guided treatment cessation and reinitiation in patients with R/R CLL upon venetoclax + ibrutinib combination treatment. Methods: Patients received ibrutinib monotherapy (420 mg daily) for two (28-days) cycles. Venetoclax ramp up initiated during cycle 3, reaching full dosage of 400 mg daily from start of cycle 4 with continued combination treatment for a further 12 cycles; totaling 15 cycles. Patients reaching at least partial remission (PR) and uMRD in blood and bone marrow (by central flow cytometry, <10-4 level) at cycle 15 day 15 are randomized 1:2 between maintenance ibrutinib or observation (stopping therapy); patients becoming MRD positive (>10-2) during observation reinitiate combination treatment with the same regimen. Patients MRD positive at cycle 15 remain on ibrutinib maintenance therapy until progression. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03226301. Results: Enrollment is complete with 230 patients; the first 24 patients with uMRD have been randomized between observation and ibrutinib maintenance after 15 cycles of treatment. This preplanned interim analysis includes data only for the first 51 eligible patients reaching the time point for 15 cycles of treatment. With a median age of 67 years (range 40-83), 71% male, 65% WHO performance status 0, 84% Binet stage B/C, 71% receiving prior standard CIT, 18% TP53 aberrations (deletions and/or mutations) and 57% IGHV unmutated status (both centrally assessed), the trial population is representative of previously published RR CLL trials. Of the 51 patients, 49 completed the first two cycles of ibrutinib monotherapy and 43 (84%) patients completed all 15 cycles of treatment; discontinuation due to refusal to continue (2), toxicity or intolerance (2), 2nd malignancy (2) and death (2: tick borne encephalitis and Richter's transformation). Grade 2 adverse events (AEs) were experienced as the highest grade by 16% of patients, while 50% and 26% experienced grade 3 and 4 AEs, respectively. For AEs of special interest (≥grade 2), 10 (20%) patients were reported with atrial fibrillation and 7 (14%) with bleeding (grade 2, except one grade 3 bleeding). Response evaluation was available for 42 out of the 51 patients according to investigator assessed IWCLL criteria based upon CT and bone marrow assessment at cycle 15. Complete remission (CR) was reached for 29 patients and PR for the remaining 13 patients with full IWCLL assessment, while data collection is ongoing for the remaining patients (see figure 1). The depth of peripheral blood (PB) response continued to improve during the treatment period with 55% reaching uMRD at cycle 15 while 39% also obtained uMRD in bone marrow aspirate (intention to treat analysis, see figure 2). Thus, the concordance between uMRD status in PB and BM is 71% with the remaining 29% having low MRD+ (below 10-2) in BM while uMRD in PB (figure 2). Conclusion : Treatment with ibrutinib and venetoclax in the setting of R/R CLL demonstrates a favorable benefit-risk profile consistent with the known safety profile for the individual drugs. An increasing uMRD rate reaching 55% in PB and 39% in bone marrow by cycle 15 was demonstrated. The uMRD rate in PB is similar to what has previously been reported with the venetoclax + obinutuzumab combination for R/R CLL (Seymour et al., NEJM, 2018), while the CR rate was more than doubled with ibrutinib + venetoclax. The concordance between PB and BM MRD status indicate that treatment response can be followed mainly by PB testing. The DSMB recommends continuing of the study. This ongoing trial will assess feasibility and outcome of MRD guided targeted therapy for R/R CLL. Disclosures Niemann: Novo Nordisk Foundation: Research Funding; Astra Zeneca: Consultancy, Research Funding; Sunesis: Consultancy; Acerta: Consultancy, Research Funding; CSL Behring: Consultancy; Roche: Other: Travel grant; Janssen: Consultancy, Other: Travel grant, Research Funding; Gilead: Other: Travel grant; Abbvie: Consultancy, Other: Travel grant, Research Funding. Enggaard:Gilead: Other: Advisory board; Abbie: Other: Advisory board; Janssen: Other: Advisory board. Mous:Abbvie: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen Cilag: Consultancy, Honoraria; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; MSD: Honoraria; Roche: Honoraria; Sandoz: Honoraria. Poulsen:Abbvie: Other: Ad Board; Janssen: Other: Ad Board; Gilead: Other: Ad Board. Frederiksen:Abbvie: Research Funding; Janssen Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Alexion: Research Funding; Gilead: Research Funding. Janssens:Janssen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Speakers Bureau; Gilead: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Sanofi: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; idem consultancy: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Roche: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; abbvie: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Levin:Abbvie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Educational Grant; Roche: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Educational Grant; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Educational Grant; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Educational grant ; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Educational grant . Kater:Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Acerta: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. OffLabel Disclosure: Usage of the combination of ibrutinib and venetoclax in the relapsed/refractory setting for CLL. Both drugs are approved for this indication but not in combination.

In this single-center study we retrospectively evaluated the impact of early reconstitution of different lymphocyte subsets on patient outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We found that CD8+ T-cell counts exceeding 50x106/l as early as on day 28 post-transplantation correlated significantly with decreased relapse risk, with three-year relapse rates of 17.0% and 55.6% (P = 0.002), but were also associated with severe acute and chronic GVHD. Incidence of grade III-IV acute GVHD was 30.5% for those with early CD8+ T-cell recovery compared to 2.1% for those with lower CD8+ T-cell counts on day 28 post-transplant (HR = 20.24, P = 0.004). Early CD8+ T-cell reconstitution did not, however, affect the overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed that slow CD8+ T-cell reconstitution was strongly associated with increased risk of relapse (HR = 3.44, P = 0.026). A weaker correlation was found between CD4+ reconstitution and relapse-risk, but there was no such association with CD19+ B-cells or NK-cells. In conclusion, the early CD8+ T-cell recovery on day 28 post-transplant is associated with the lower risk of relapse but also predicts the impending severe GVHD, and thus could be useful in guiding timely treatment decisions.