Allozyme diversity was analyzed to determine the genetic structure of populations of Trochodendron araliokles Siebold 81 Zucc., a primitive angiosperm that is insectpollinated, has wind-dispersed seeds and grows only in eastern Asia. Nineteen populations were analyzed, including 16 from Ta'wan, two from the main islands of Japan and one from lriomote island in the Ryukyu Islands. Genetic variability (0.133) at the species level was more similar to that of a narrow geographic species than an endemic species. Based on genotype frequencies, mating within populations was non-random (Fs=O.O65) and there was significant genetic differentiation (FsT= 0.164) among populations. Genetic diversity was largely within, rather than among, populations (Hs= 0.132, 85;14°h). Bisexual flowers of T, araliohs exhibit synchronized dimorphism. The protogynous and protandrous morphs are self-incompatible, which probably promotes outcrossing and contributes to the huh levels of heterozygosity within populations. Using a maximum likelihood tree, populations of T. aralioMes were separated into two distinct clusters Japan and Taiwan/ lriomote island. Populations of T, aralioicbs on lriomote island and in northern Taiwan exhibited a high degree of genetic similarity. The isolation-by-distance model does not fit populations in Taiwan, but suitably describes the relationship between populations of T. ara/ioides in Japan and Taiwan.
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