The genetic variability of three Gymnotus species from the Caracu stream, a small tributary of the left margin of Paraná River (Brazilian upper Paraná River floodplain), was estimated with data of 17 putative allozyme loci, which were obtained by using corn starch gel electrophoresis of 10 enzymatic systems: Aspartate aminotransferase (E. C. 2.6.1.1), Alcohol dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.1), Esterase (E. C. 3.1.1.1), Glucose dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.118), Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.8), Isocitrate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.42), L-Lactate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.27), Malate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.37), Superoxide dismutase (E. C. 1.15.1.1) and Sorbitol dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.14). The genetic diversity was estimated as He = 0.3458 for G. pantanal, He = 0.2481 for G. inaequilabiatus, and He = 0.3152 for G. sylvius. The most divergent species were G. sylvius and G. pantanal (D = 0.117), and the most similar were G. inaequilabiatus and G. pantanal (D = 0.051). The data indicates that the observed genetic variability was very low and the expected variability estimated for these three species is very high, and the genetic differences among them are small. The data suggest that the process of speciation which produced these three species is recent.
ABSTRACT. Antimutagenic effect of the Euphorbia's latex in Aspergillus nidulans methionine system. Folk medicinal plants have been analyzed and assayed to confirm their possible antitumoral and anticarcinogenic properties. Aveloz is a plant of the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) and it has been popularly used in South America for treating ulcer, cancer, tumor, wart and other diseases. However, some researches have shown opposite effects. Due to these contradictory results, the aim of this work was to test the antimutagenic potential of Euphorbia tirucalli latex in Aspergillus nidulans methionine system. Two concentrations of the latex were used in conidia treatment: 0.1% and 0.2% (v/v). The treatment was developed by collecting quiescent conida from five days old colonies in latex solution, during 24 hours. The results have indicated that both concentrations show antimutagenic effect because the mutation frequency of the treated conidia was smaller than mutation frequency of the control.Key words: methionine system, Euphorbia, antimutagenicity. IntroduçãoDurante milênios os povos indígenas de todo o mundo vêm utilizando plantas com fins medicinais. Alguns destes conhecimentos se difundiram com o surgimento das civilizações modernas.Atualmente, os cientistas vêm mostrando interesse em comprovar os potenciais curativos de plantas utilizadas e aprovadas pelo conhecimento popular.A Carqueja, planta do gênero Baccharis, família Asteraceae utilizada popularmente no Brasil em casos de distúrbios gastrointestinais e em toda América Latina por inúmeras funções, despertou o interesse de Gamberini et al. (1991), que demonstraram que o tratamento em ratos com o extrato aquoso de Baccharis triptera pode aliviar os distúrbios gastrointestinais por ser capaz de reduzir a secreção de ácidos e a hiperatividade gastrointestinal. Abad et al. (1999) relataram que o extrato aquoso da Baccharis genistelloides tem ação anti viral contra dois diferentes vírus: HSV-1 e VSV.Outra planta popularmente conhecida é a Espinheira Santa, do gênero Maytenus, família Celastraceae, que é usada em casos de indigestão, gastrite crônica e úlceras. Souza-Formigoni et al. (1991) trataram ratos, com úlceras induzidas por indometacina, com a administração oral e intraperitonial do extrato aquoso de Maytenus aquifolium e Maytenus ilicifolia e demonstraram os efeitos anti ulcerogênicos destas duas espécies de plantas.A Quebra Pedra, planta do gênero Phyllanthus da família Euphorbiaceae é popularmente usada para eliminar pedras nos rins e outros problemas relacionados ao sistema urinário. No entanto, algumas pesquisas realizadas com Phyllanthus estão direcionadas à busca da cura do câncer. Ferrer et al.
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