While peace negotiations between political leaders may stall, efforts are being made by civil society groups to collaborate and build bridges in many conflicts (e.g., between Blacks and Whites in South Africa, Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland, Bosnians and Serbs, Hutus and Tutsis, Palestinians and Israelis, Armenians and Turks, Moldavians and Transdniestrians, and post‐World War II Germans and Jews). These “people‐to‐people” (P2P) initiatives — also referred to as “bottom‐up” or Track II and Track III diplomacy — contrast with “top‐down” or Track I diplomacy efforts which involve officials and governments. P2P initiatives apply various methods and use a range of venues to bring people together to improve relations, and to promote positive attitudes and behavior change towards the “other” while mitigating negative stereotypes and even fostering friendship. These grassroots efforts face challenges, but persist in devising creative efforts for peaceful coexistence.
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