The purpose of this study was to determine a convenient communication tool to help educate parents about varying the positions of their new babies. Eighty-eight percent of babies whose parents had received a brochure explaining the importance of early and regularly scheduled "tummy time" were placed in the prone position more than one time a day. Seventeen of 34 babies were started prone before the second week of life. The average Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 locomotion score of the babies regularly placed in prone was significantly higher than that of the babies not regularly placed in prone when tested at 6 months and again at 18 months of age.
This report provides background data upon which residential lighting fixture energy conservation programs can be built. The current stock of residential lighting is described by usage level, lamp wattage, fixture type, and location within the house. Data are discussed that indicate thzt 25% of residential fixtures are responsible for 80% of residential lighting energy use, and that justify targeting these fixtures as candidates for retrofit with energy-efficient fixtures. Fixtures determined to have the highest energy use are hardwired ceiling fixtures in kitchens, living/fmily rooms, dining rooms, and outdoors. An assessment of the market for residential fixtures shows that nearly half of new residential fixtures are imported, 61% of new fixtures sold are hardwired, and about half of all new fixtures sold are for ceiling installation. 3 IntroductionResidential lighting in the United States uses about 138 billion kilowatt-hours per year, accounting for between 10 and 15 percent of total residential electricity use'. Every year, this costs U. S. citizens some $11 billion dollars and causes emission of more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas2. On a house-by-house basis, this translates to an average of almost 1600 kWh and $1 15 per year on the average for each of the 96 million U. S. homes. The purpose of this market assessment is to provide the basis for the Environmental Protection Agency to design programs promoting energy-efficient lighting in these homes. To that end, this report contains:1. A description of the current stock of lighting products (lamps and fixtures) installed in U.S. residences. This description provides insight about which lighting applications (fixture types, room types, lamp types, etc.) are responsible for the most significant energy use, and therefore have the greatest potential for pollution prevention.2. An analysis of the current market for residential lighting products, to illuminate the market processes that are at work in the residential sector.Residential lighting is relatively difficult to characterize because it covers a diverse set of applications, products, and usage levels. To ease the understanding of this end use we have disaggregated lighting applications by the broad categories of usage level, lamp wattage, fixture type, and location within the house. In this way, we can determine how lighting products are applied in homes and the most acceptable and effective means of reducing residential lighting energy consumption.The consumer's selection of residential lighting products is strongly influenced by the aesthetics of both the product itself and the light it produces. Utilities have learned from past utility lighting programs that programs that promote screw-in compact fluorescent lampsare prone to misapplication, resulting in poor lighting quality and customer dissatisfaction. Program designers must carefully consider the ways in which occupants interact with the lighting products in their homes if their programs are to be successful. Pro...
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