To investigate the relationship between face and equivocation in political interviews, a new typology of questions was devised, based on their face‐threatening properties. This typology was applied to the analysis of 18 interviews with the leaders of the three main political parties in the 1992 British General Election. Nineteen different subcategories were distinguished, grouped into three superordinate categories of face which politicians must defend—their own personal face, the face of the party which they represent and face in relation to supporting or not supporting significant others. On the basis of this analysis, a new model of question‐response sequences in political interviews was proposed, the main tenet of which is that face is the most important factor in determining whether or not a politician replies to a question. This model provides both a means of predicting the direction of politicians' responses to questions, and a framework for future studies evaluating the performance of both politicians and political interviewers.
The titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Savannasaurus elliottorum is 20 represented by a partial postcranial skeleton from the lower Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-21 lowermost Turonian) Winton Formation of Queensland, northeast Australia. Here, we present 22 a detailed description of this specimen, as well as an emended diagnosis of Savannasaurus 23 elliottorum. Savannasaurus displays numerous character states that are generally regarded as 24 plesiomorphic for Titanosauria, as well as several traits that are often regarded as apomorphic 25 of that clade or a less inclusive subset thereof. Several features of Savannasaurus support a 26 close relationship with the coeval Diamantinasaurus matildae, and this clade appears to 27 occupy an early-branching position within Titanosauria. Relative to body size, the thoracic 28 and abdominal breadth of Savannasaurus is greater than that seen in giant titanosaurs such as 29 the contemporaneous South American lognkosaurians; however, this relative breadth is not 30 quite as extreme as that of the small-bodied latest Cretaceous saltasaurines, or 31 Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii. The possible advantages engendered by the barrel-shaped 32 thorax, robust limbs, wide-gauge gait, and lack of hyposphene-hypantrum articulations are 33 explored, and it is hypothesised that these traits were positively selected by the wet, 34 temperate floodplain environment in which Savannasaurus lived. Greater stability and 35 flexibility might have reduced the risk of bogging, and/or facilitated more expedient self-36 extraction from muddy waterholes. Similar environmental pressures acting upon other 37 titanosaurian taxa or clades elsewhere might have led to the repeated independent 38 development, or accentuation, of the bauplan regarded as 'typical' for the clade Titanosauria. 39 This would explain the many observed convergences between Savannasaurus and 40 Diamantinasaurus, and Saltasauridae. 41 42 INTRODUCTION Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: For Review Only 43 Cretaceous sedimentary sequences in Australia have mostly provided only limited 44 evidence of sauropod dinosaurs. The Western Australian Cretaceous record is restricted to 45 footprints from the Valanginian-Barremian Broome Sandstone (Thulborn et al., 1994; 46 Thulborn, 2012;Salisbury et al., 2017), whereas the Victorian Cretaceous sauropod record is 47 non-existent: both the upper Strzelecki Group (upper Barremian-lower Aptian) and the 48 Eumeralla Formation (upper Aptian-lower Albian) entirely lack sauropods, despite 49 preserving abundant remains of ornithopods, ankylosaurs, and theropods (Poropat et al., 50 2018). The upper Albian Toolebuc Formation of Queensland has produced several 51 fragmentary sauropod specimens (Molnar and Salisbury, 2005), whereas the upper Albian 52 Allaru Mudstone has yielded only one: the holotype of the somphospondylan titanosauriform 53 Austrosaurus mckillopi (Longman, 1933; Poropat et al., 2017). The Cenomanian Griman 54 Creek Formation in New South Wales has produce...
Bull et al. have developed a typology for the analysis of face threats in questions posed during political interviews. 19 different categories of face threat were identified, grouped into three superordinate categories of face which politicians need to defend: their own personal face, the face of the party and face in relation to significant others. This typology was employed in analysing 18 interviews with the three main party leaders in the 1992 British General Election. The main aims of the present study are: (a) to demonstrate how Bull et al.'s face typology can be effectively applied to the comparative analysis of questions in political interviews; (b) to identify the most commonly occurring categories of face threat generated in the questions from the '92 election data; (c) to explore differences in style adopted by the six political interviewers, in terms of the face threatening content of their questions; and (d) provide some insight into the types of question which tended to prove most problematic for the politicians. It was found that the individual interviewers adopted characteristic patterns of questioning associated with particular forms of face threat and these were discussed in terms of how problematic they proved to be—both generally and in relation to individual party leaders.
This study was designed to provide information on how families from different sociocultural backgrounds help with reading at home, and shed light on the types of helping strategy which tend to be most successful. A further aim was to investigate possible mechanisms through which a home reading project might lead to significant reading gains. Parents from four main target groups were visited at home and interviewed about the help which family members gave with educational activities. The groups involved were middle class families (N=30), working class families (N=40), families from largely low SES areas who had participated in a Paired Reading project a year before (N=30) and families of Asian origin (N=50). About 100 recordings were taken of home reading sessions and these were analysed in terms of parental correction strategies and interaction. Analysis of data revealed significant differences in the helping styles adopted by the various groups and indicated that success in reading was associated with a parental helping style which emphasised comprehension and interest. The results are discussed in terms of implications for home reading projects.
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