Background— Genome-wide association studies have identified gene variants associated with coronary artery disease risk; however, whether they affect disease progression is largely unknown. This study investigated associations between polymorphisms at 1p13.3 (rs599839), 1q41 (rs17465637), and 3q22.3 (rs9818870) and cardiovascular outcomes in healthy volunteers and in patients with established heart disease. Methods and Results— Canterbury Healthy Volunteer study (HV) (n=1649), Coronary Disease Cohort Study (CDCS) (n=1797), and Post-Myocardial Infarction study (PMI) (n=906) participants (New Zealand), were genotyped for rs599839, rs9818870, and rs17465637. Associations between genotype and anthropometric characteristics, neurohormonal analysis, echocardiography, and clinical outcomes over medium-long-term follow-up (median HV, 5.9 years; CDCS, 3.7 years; PMI, 11.3 years) were tested. At 1p13.3, HV and CDCS participants carrying 1 or more rs599839 G allele had a lower prevalence of dyslipidemia ( P ≤0.005) or lower levels of low-density lipoprotein ( P =0.031) and total ( P =0.004) cholesterol and/or less history of myocardial infarction ( P ≤0.04) compared with AA participants. Moreover, CDCS and PMI AG/GG participants had better cardiac function as indicated by echocardiography ( P ≤0.026), and fewer CDCS AG/GG participants were readmitted for a non-ST-segment elevation MI ( P =0.012) during follow-up. The polymorphism at 1q41 (rs17465637) was associated with better cardiovascular outcomes in the HV ( P =0.028) and PMI ( P =0.008) cohorts, and 3q22.3 (rs9818870) was a predictor of death/admission in the HV cohort ( P =0.045). Conclusions— These data suggest that coronary artery disease genomic risk variants at 1p13.3 and 1q41 are associated with subsequent clinical outcome in heart patients and confirm rs9818870 at 3q22.3 as a predictor of cardiovascular risk in individuals free of overt heart disease.

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Amaranth, a food color, has been studied polarographically over a pH range of 2.0 to 10.0 in aqueous solution and was found to give a well-defined wave, diffusion controlled and suitable for quantitative work. Irreversibility was indicated by the behavior of the half-wave potential to changes in pH and co~icentration. With pH, a direct relationship of -0.080 v. per pH unit held between pH 2.0 and 7.0, while with concentration, the half-wave potential was found to apparently vary directly with the logarithm of concentratioa. Using a coefficient of diffusion value obtained by coilductance measurements the value of n for the reaction was calculated to be 4, which corresponds to a ruptl~re of the azo group t o yield the corresponding amines.In connection with the work of this laboratory, a study of the polarographic behavior of the artificial food colors was begun with the object of determining the possible value for qualitative and quantitative analysis. This paper is the first of a series ancl describes the reduction of amaranth a t the dropping mercury electrode.A consideration of the formula of amaranth reveals that two liltely possibilities for reduction exist: ( a ) the azo group accepts two hydrogen atoms to form an hydrazo group, and (b) the azo group accepts four hydrogen atoms to yield the corresponding amines.Polarographic work on several con~pounds similar to amaranth suggests that the former reaction should take place. The azo-hydrazo reaction has been shown to occur with azobenzene and its derivatives (5, 6), although some doubt still exists as t o the reversibility of the reaction (7). T h e azo dyes, orange I1 and metanil yellow, are claimed to follow a two electron reduction lManuscript received J u l y 30, 1954.