Keywords: Invasive species Ecosystem function Insect pests Invasive plants Ecological restoration Biological control Natural ecosystems a b s t r a c tOf the 70 cases of classical biological control for the protection of nature found in our review, there were fewer projects against insect targets (21) than against invasive plants (49), in part, because many insect biological control projects were carried out against agricultural pests, while nearly all projects against plants targeted invasive plants in natural ecosystems. Of 21 insect projects, 81% (17) provided benefits to protection of biodiversity, while 48% (10) protected products harvested from natural systems, and 5% (1) preserved ecosystem services, with many projects contributing to more than one goal. In contrast, of the 49 projects against invasive plants, 98% (48) provided benefits to protection of biodiversity, while 47% (23) protected products, and 25% (12) preserved ecosystem services, again with many projects contributing to several goals. We classified projects into complete control (pest generally no longer important), partial control (control in some areas but not others), and ''in progress," for projects in development for which outcomes do not yet exist. For insects, of the 21 projects discussed, 62% (13) achieved complete control of the target pest, 19% (4) provided partial control, and 43% (9) are still in progress. By comparison, of the 49 invasive plant projects considered, 27% (13) achieved complete control, while 33% (16) provided partial control, and 49% (24) are still in progress. For both categories of pests, some projects' success ratings were scored twice when results varied by region. We found approximately twice as many projects directed against invasive plants than insects and that protection of biodiversity was the most frequent benefit of both insect and plant projects. Ecosystem service protection was provided in the fewest cases by either insect or plant biological control agents, but was more likely to be provided by projects directed against invasive plants, likely because of the strong effects plants exert on landscapes. Rates of complete success appeared to be higher for insect than plant targets (62% vs 27%), perhaps because most often herbivores gradually weaken, rather than outright kill, their hosts, which is not the case for natural enemies directed against pest insects. For both insect and plant biological control, nearly half of all projects reviewed were listed as currently in progress, suggesting that the use of biological control for the protection of wildlands is currently very active.

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The introduced invasive vine mile-a-minute weed Persicaria perfoliata (formerly Polygonum perfoliatum) is continuing to spread throughout the Mid-Atlantic states and beyond, from its initial site of introduction near York, Pennsylvania. This weed frequently interferes with forest regeneration and until recently had few natural enemies attacking it in its introduced range. In 2004, a permit for field release of a host-specific Asian weevil Rhinoncomimus latipes was obtained, and the weevil has since been released in five states. The weevil has established well and is beginning to impact growth and development of the weed.

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In laboratory and microplot consumption tests, spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), ate at least as many Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), eggs and larvae as did the twospotted stink bug, Perillus bioculatus (F.). P. maculiventris also remained in field microplots infected with Colorado potato beetle egg masses for slightly longer than did P. bioculatus. The 2 predators were equally effective at consuming egg masses, reducing densities of beetle larvae, and preventing potato defoliation in small field plots. These results contrast with previous trials, in which P. bioculatus had been more effective. In laboratory trials, larger P. maculiventris nymphs selected larger prey larvae, whereas P. bioculatus nymphs did not discriminate by size of prey; thus, the relative effectiveness of the 2 predators may depend on the life stages of the prey that are present at the time of predator release.