BackgroundThe assessment of the cost of production and the relative weight of the different production parameters is very important in pig farming. The goals of the present work were 1) to describe reliable reference values for production parameters and pig production cost from 2010 to 2014, 2) to describe their temporal evolution and 3) to determine the influence of the pig company size on them. Between 61 and 107 pig production companies from Spain were included in this study from 2010 to 2014. These companies sent data on feed consumption, number of pig produced, expenses and census every month. Sip consultors SL standardized collected data and calculate cost and production parameters to obtain values comparables between the different pig production companies. The collected data each month were merged to obtain a yearly average value taking into account the pig production flow each month. A suitable statistical analysis was carried out to tackle the goals.ResultsThe production performance has been continuously improving in the piglet production and fattening phase from 2010 to 2014. Thus, the number of piglets by sow and year will increase 0.5 pigs by year and the total feed conversion rate will decrease approximately 0.03 kg feed/kg gain by year in the future if the same tendency continues. However, feed price has been steadily increasing from 2010 to 2012 and decreasing afterwards and the total cost per kilogram produced has followed a similar pattern. This result highlights the relevance of the feed price in the final cost in spite of continuous improvement in production performance across years. Finally, pig company size affected most of the production parameters studied. Thus, the best technical parameters were obtained for companies with less than 5000 sows. However, the opposite tendency is observed for feed price where the highest value was observed for the smallest companies.ConclusionsPig production parameters have generally improved in the last five years but this improvement did not directly imply a reduction in pig production cost due to the high feed prices during the period 2010–2013.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40813-016-0027-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Craniomandibular osteopathy was diagnosed in two Pyrenean mountain dogs with a history of mandibular swelling, pain, fever and, in dog 1, lameness. Radiographs demonstrated extensive, active new bone formation on the ventral aspect of the mandibular bodies of both dogs. Dog 2 responded well to treatment but dog 1 was euthanased owing to severe pain, dysphagia and unsuccessful treatment. The mandibles were examined by means of back-scattered scanning electron microscopy and a well arranged mineralised trabecular network of chondroid tissue and woven bone was observed. The mandibular cortical bone under the areas of periosteal proliferation was also affected, showing a looseness of the characteristic compact appearance of lamellar bone. This is the first report of craniomandibular osteopathy in this breed.
Rapid expansion of settlements and related infrastructures is a global trend that comes with severe environmental, economic, and social costs. Steering urbanization toward well-balanced compactness is thus acknowledged as an important strategic orientation in UN Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG-11) via the SDG-indicator “Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate.” The EU’s simultaneous commitment to being “a frontrunner in implementing […] the SDGs” and to striving for “no net land take until 2050” calls for relating the concepts of land consumption and land take to each other. Drawing on an EU-centred questionnaire study, a focus group and a literature review, we scrutinize definitions of land consumption and land take, seeking to show how they are interrelated, and questioning the comparability of respective indicators. We argue that conceptual clarifications and a bridging of the two notions are much needed, and that the precision required for definitions and applications is context-dependent. While approximate understandings may suffice for general communication and dissemination objectives, accurate and consistent interpretations of the discussed concepts seem indispensable for monitoring and reporting purposes. We propose ways of addressing existing ambiguities and suggest prioritizing the term land take in the EU context. Thereby, we aim to enhance conceptual clarity around land consumption and land take—a precondition for solidly informing respective policies and decisions.
RESUMEN:La eficiencia energética forma parte, junto con la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y el fomento de las energías renovables, de los objetivos prioritarios de la política energética de la UE con vistas a garantizar la sostenibilidad del modelo desde el punto de vista ambiental, económico y de garantía de suministro. El despliegue de medidas de ahorro y optimización energética en el sector de la edificación se considera crucial en la medida que es uno de los principales consumidores de energía del espacio comunitario. Con este fin, los estados miembros se han comprometido a promover la construcción y rehabilitación integral de edificios con una alta calificación energética y de consumo de energía casi nulo para alcanzar las metas impuestas por las instituciones europeas para los años 2020 y 2030.Precisamente, las redes de distrito (district heating and cooling) son un buen ejemplo del uso de tecnologías altamente eficientes para conseguir bajas emisiones de dióxido de carbono y un ahorro energético significativo en edificios J. Gifreu Font RCDA Vol. X Núm. 1 (2019): 1 -55 2 e instalaciones. Este trabajo analiza un proyecto innovador en este ámbito, el District Heating and Cooling (Xarxa Espavilada) de Olot, que posibilita que un área de 40.000 metros cuadrados funcione exclusivamente con energías renovables mediante una fórmula de trilogía energética (biomasa, geotermia y fotovoltaica). RESUM: L'eficiència energètica forma part, juntament amb la reducció d'emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle i el foment de les energies renovables, dels objectius prioritaris de la política energètica de la UE amb vista a garantir la sostenibilitat del model des del punt de vista ambiental, econòmic i de garantia de subministrament. El desplegament de mesures d'estalvi i optimització energètica en el sector de l'edificació es considera crucial en la mesura que és un dels principals consumidors d'energia de l'espai comunitari. A aquest efecte, els estats membres s'han compromès a promoure la construcció i rehabilitació integral d'edificis amb una alta qualificació energètica i de consum d'energia gairebé nul per aconseguir les metes imposades per les institucions europees per als anys 2020 i 2030. Precisament, les xarxes de districte (district heating and cooling) són un bon exemple de l'ús de tecnologies altament eficients per aconseguir baixes emissions de diòxid de carboni i un estalvi energètic significatiu en edificis i instal·lacions. Aquest treball analitza un projecte innovador en aquest àmbit, el District Heating and Cooling (Xarxa Espavilada) d'Olot, que possibilita que un àrea de 40.000 metres quadrats funcioni exclusivament amb energies renovables mitjançant una formula de trilogia energètica (biomassa, geotèrmia i fotovoltaica). ABSTRACT: Together with the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the promotion of renewable energies, energy efficiency is one of the priority objectives of the EU's energy policy with a view to ensuring the sustainability of the model in terms of environmental...
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