The aim of this contribution is to refine explanations for inequalities in the amount of time men and women spend in paid work and housework by breaking down institutional conditions into economic circumstances, policy conditions, and cultural influences. We indicate our expectations for these macro indicators as well as for their interaction with micro level indicators. We expect, for example, that the negative effect on paid work for married women becomes stronger in more masculine countries. Using the Multinational Time Use Archive, we analyzed 17 countries in the 1965-1998 period. Multilevel analyses show the importance of institutional conditions for paid work: men and women in highly developed economies and in countries with high rates of child care facilities do more paid work, although they spend less time on paid work after having children. With respect to the influence of culture, it appears that highly educated and married women in masculine cultures do less paid work, and that married women also do more housework, than their counterparts in more feminine cultures.
To cite this Article den Dulk, Laura and de Ruijter, Judith'Managing work-life policies: disruption versus dependency arguments. Explaining managerial attitudes towards employee utilization of work-life policies', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19: 7, 1222Management, 19: 7, -1236 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/09585190802109986 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585190802109986Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.Managing work-life policies: disruption versus dependency arguments.Explaining managerial attitudes towards employee utilization of work-life policies Laura den Dulk* and Judith de RuijterUtrecht University, Utrecht, the NetherlandsWhat factors shape managerial attitudes towards the utilization of work-life policies? The influence of disruptiveness (Powell and Mainiero 1999) and dependency (Klein, Berman and Dickson 2000) arguments on managerial attitudes is examined using a vignette design. In this study, managers in four financial firms in the UK and the Netherlands were asked to judge hypothetical requests from employees to utilize work-life policies. Findings indicate that managers are mainly interested in the performance of their department or work unit, and work-life policies are often seen as disruptive. However, when the least disruptive request is considered (short-term leave), we find that dependency arguments also play an important role and managers are more likely to respond to their employees' personal and family needs.
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to contribute to two related contemporary debates on the changing views of the employment relation and on the adoption of telework as a new work practice by analyzing line managers' general telework-attitude formation processes, and possible outcomes in concrete request situations, mirroring managers' views of the employment relationship. Design/methodology/approach -This multi-method study among 65 managers in six financialsector organizations comprises two parts. The interview part focuses on managers' arguments for or against telework in their departments, and how these are weighed in the telework-attitude formation process. In the vignette study, managers assess their attitudes towards specific, hypothetical, but realistic telework requests of fictive employees in their departments. Findings -Combining the results of both studies, it is shown that the governance view dominates. Some managers, however, consider telework an ''idiosyncratic deal.'' Particularly in telework-request situations, also the exchange view enters into the managers' perceptual frames. In order to decrease managers' ambivalence towards telework, the human resource management (HRM)-system needs to be internally consistent and based on a view of the employment relationship which stresses commitment and trust as guiding principles, rather than control and coordination. Originality/value -Employing a ''configurational approach to strategic HRM,'' this paper focuses on the importance of the ''embeddedness'' of telework practices in larger HRM-systems in general, and the role of cultural obstacles in particular. Telework arguments are considered the HR principles guiding the telework-attitude formation process, and mirroring managers' views of the employment relationship as part of their workforce philosophies.
Event-related potentials were recorded from 11 subjects after ingesting caffeine (250 mg) or placebo. Subjects were instructed to attend selectively to stimuli with a specified color (red or blue) in order to react to the occurrence of a target within the attended category. Reaction times revealed faster responses for the caffeine condition, whereas no differences in strategy were observed. Color attention effects were identified as frontal selection positivity, occipital selection negativity, and N2b, whereas target detection was reflected in P3b. Effects of treatment were found as a more positive-going frontal P2 component in the caffeine condition. In addition, an interaction between attention and treatment could be observed on the N2b component. This pattern of results suggests that caffeine yields a higher overall arousal level, more profound processing of both attended and unattended information, and an acceleration of motor processes.
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