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Presented is a lithium-ion battery degradation model, based on irreversible thermodynamics, which was experimentally verified, using commonly measured operational parameters. The methodology, applicable to all lithium-ion batteries of all chemistries and composition, combined fundamental thermodynamic principles, with the Degradation-Entropy Generation theorem, to relate instantaneous capacity fade (loss of useful charge-holding capacity) in the lithium-ion battery, to the irreversible entropy generated via the underlying dissipative physical processes responsible for battery degradation. Equations relating capacity fade-aging-to battery cycling were also formulated and verified. To show the robustness of the approach, nonlinear data from abusive and inconsistent battery cycling was measured and used to verify formulations. A near 100% agreement between the thermodynamic battery model and measurements was achieved. The model also gave rise to new material and design parameters to characterize all lithium-ion batteries.

Formulated is a new instantaneous fatigue model and predictor based on ab initio irreversible thermodynamics. The method combines the first and second laws of thermodynamics with the Helmholtz free energy, then applies the result to the degradation-entropy generation theorem to relate a desired fatigue measure—stress, strain, cycles or time to failure—to the loads, materials and environmental conditions (including temperature and heat) via the irreversible entropies generated by the dissipative processes that degrade the fatigued material. The formulations are then verified with fatigue data from the literature, for a steel shaft under bending and torsion. A near 100% agreement between the fatigue model and measurements is achieved. The model also introduces new material and design parameters to characterize fatigue.

This article details a lead-acid battery degradation model based on irreversible thermodynamics, which is then verified experimentally using commonly measured operational parameters. The model combines thermodynamic first principles with the Degradation-Entropy Generation theorem, to relate instantaneous and cyclic capacity fade (loss of useful charge-holding capacity) in the lead-acid battery to the entropy generated via the underlying dissipative physical processes responsible for battery degradation. Equations relating capacity fade to battery cycling are also formulated and verified. To show robustness of the approach, nonlinear data from uncontrolled and severely abusive battery cycling-including overdischarge-was measured and used to verify formulations. A near 100% agreement between the thermodynamic battery model and measurements is achieved. The model also gives rise to new material and design parameters to characterize all lead-acid batteries.

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Thermodynamics has historically been used to derive characteristic material properties. In this study, fundamental thermodynamics is applied to grease. First‐principle formulations of existing material properties—heat capacity and storage modulus—and new properties—thermal strain and stress coefficients, chemical resistance and thermo‐chemical decay coefficient—are derived, some of which are experimentally determined. A new group of Maxwell relations is introduced by replacing the classical compression work with the grease shearing work . The physical interpretations and implications of these properties on grease behaviour and performance are presented. Experimental measurements of the derived properties are performed in accordance with the theoretical formulations. Six different grease types are studied. Obtained results are shown to conform with anticipated, observed and established grease behaviours. The proposed properties can be used in grease performance and degradation analyses, as well as grease selection for lubrication applications.

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