Logging concessions in natural forest and industrial plantation forest are the main producers of logs in Indonesia. Several companies of industrial plantation forest have been successfully planted with fast-growing species such as Acacia mangium for pulpwood. These plantation forests have entered their annual harvesting period. Some options of timber harvesting machines such as forwarder, harvester, feller buncher, and excavator are chosen to remove timber from stump to the log landing site. The negative impact of such machines includes the loss of topsoil and soil compaction. The objectives of the research were to analysis soil compaction by excavator with log carrier in forwarding log from stump to landing site. Bulk density, cone index and deep of rut were measured after logging operation at the harvesting site at one of industrial plantation forest of South Kalimantan. The result showed that soil bulk density increase with the increase in the number of excavator with log carrier passes. The rut was formed on several places on the soil surface, particularly near landings and under the log carrier. The ground pressure of the excavator and log carrier caused the formation of the rut on the soil surface. Weight of excavator plus loads had caused pressure on the track of the contact with the ground. Rut formed and high soil bulk density indicated the soil compaction occurred by the harvesting operation.
Soil compaction by machine used in forest harvesting operation caused negative impacts for regeneration and tree growth. This research was intended to analyze the effectiveness of using slash to decrease soil compaction, to analyze soil compaction at various soil depths, and to measure rut depth at soil surface. Valmet 860.1 forwarder was used in this research. Soil compaction was measured through its bulk density, cone index, and rut depth, under the condition with and without slash. The slash comprised of twigs, branches, and leaves as wastes from harvested Acacia mangium that were stacked to a width of about 1 meter in thickness following forwarder traffic. Results indicated that slash was effective in decreasing soil compaction. About 50% increased in soil compaction by a Valmet forwarder could be reduced by using slash coverings at soil surface. The maximum soil bulk density occurred after 5 forwarder passes. Soil compaction also occurred at subsurface soil. After forwarder traffic, increasing cone index was observed at subsurface of various soil depths. Slash was effective in decreasing soil compaction up to 20 cm in soil depth, although soil compaction by forwarder operation was slightly increased until 50 cm of soil depth. Rut was not observed under the slash however rut of about 24 cm in depth was formed at soil surface without slash. Using slash as coverings for forwarder operation reduced soil damaged.
Nurochman D, Matangaran JR, Santosa G, Suharjito D, Sari RK. 2018. Autecology and morphological properties of sandalwood (Santalum album) in Pidie District, Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 406-412. IUCN Red List (1998) reported that Santalum album L. as an endangered species. Studies on autecology, association, and the utilization of sandalwood on its natural habitat becomes important to perform conservation of the species. This research was conducted in Teungku Dilaweung Village, Pidie District, Province of Aceh. Vegetation analysis was conducted to determine the population structures. Distribution pattern was analyzed using Morisita Index (Id) and Chi-square test, while interspecific association pattern was determined through contingency table, Jaccard Index (JI) and variance-ratio (VR) test. Observation and analysis of physical and chemical properties of soil, topography, and microclimate were done to identify ecological factors affecting the presence of sandalwood. The study showed that the highest abundance at tree level (IVI>100%) was obtained by Syzygium cumini with a density of 15 trees/ha. S. album was found to have clumped distribution pattern with an Id value of 2.258 and ?2compute of 62.571. S. Album has an interspecific association with two species i.e.: Syzygium cumini (?2compute of 5.104 and JI of 0.846) and Ziziphus oenopolia (?2compute of 6.516 and JI of 0.833) with VR of 0.474. Interspecific association indicated that S. album has strongly associated with Syzygium cumini and Ziziphus oenopolia. Morphological characters and habitat properties of sandalwood in research site has a similarity to the Province of NTT.
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