Background: The (pro) renin receptor ((P)RR) plays important roles in various pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, that are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes incorporating the tumorigenesis. However, our knowledge about (P) RR was mostly limited to its roles in cardiovascular and renal physiological functions and diseases. In the past 5 years, however, compelling evidence has revealed that (P) RR is aberrantly expressed in and contributes to the development of various cancers by different means. For instance, (P) RR was recently demonstrated to induce the oncogenesis of pancreatic, colorectal and brain cancers via the Wnt signaling, while promote the endometrial cancer and glioblastoma through the RAS. Methods: Combining with the deep analysis of big data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, this review updates and summarizes the recent studies about the newly recognized roles of (P) RR in the pathophysiological processes of cancer development and its detailed functions through related pathways, as well as the novel research progress of (P) RR in related fields including the development and application of soluble (P) RR detection kit and monoclonal (P) RR antibody. Results: This review provides an overview of the essential roles of (P) RR in the tumorigenesis and progression of various cancers and offers a translational outlook for the future research and clinical practices. Conclusion: (P) RR in the tumor tissues and/or body fluids of patients may be a novel and promising biomarker and potential therapeutic target for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis prediction in various cancers.
Herbicide use has
attracted attention recently due to potential
damage to human health and lethality to the honey bees and other pollinators.
Fenton reagent treatment processes can be applied for the degradation
of herbicidal contaminants from water. However, the need to carry
out the normal Fenton reactions under acidic conditions often hinders
their practical application for pollution control. Herein, we report
on the synthesis and application of multiphasic porous electro-Fenton
catalysts prepared from calcinated metal–organic framework
compounds, CMOF@PCM, and their application for the mineralization
of herbicides in aqueous solution at circum-neutral pH. CMOF nanoparticles
(NPs) are anchored on porous carbon monolithic (PCM) substrates, which
allow for binder-free application. H2O2 is electrochemically
generated on the PCM substrate which serves as a cathode, while ·OH
is generated by the CMOF NPs at low applied potentials (−0.14
V). Results show that the structure and reactivity of the CMOF@PCM
electro-Fenton catalysts are dependent on the specific MOF precursor
used during synthesis. For example, CMIL-88-NH2, which
is prepared from MIL-88(Fe)–NH2, is a porous core–shell
structured NP comprised of a cementite (Fe3C) intermediate
layer that is sandwiched between a graphitic shell and a magnetite
(Fe3O4) core. The electro-Fenton production
of hydroxyl radical on the CMOF@PCM composite material is shown to
effectively degrade an array of herbicides.
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