Purpose As a new communication paradigm, social networking sites (SNS) have boosted information diffusion and viral marketing. Prior researchers have identified various factors affecting information dissemination on SNS. However, they often focus on limited factors and there is a lack of an integrated theoretical framework that explains aspects of relevant factors. Besides, the research on the impacts of relationships on individual retweeting behavior is still controversial. The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework to systematically investigate the determinants of individual dissemination behavior on SNS based on the elaboration likelihood model (ELM). Moreover, the authors also examine the relative importance of those relevant factors. Design/methodology/approach The authors randomly selected 1,250 members of Twitter and crawled posts published by each member since he/she created the Twitter account using Twitter API. The authors processed the data to create panel data and tested hypotheses with the panel logit model. Findings Factors both on the central route and on the peripheral route of ELM have positive impacts on individual dissemination behavior. Among them, information receiver-related factor and relationships-related factors are the most influential. Contrastingly, source-related factors are the least influential. Furthermore, the authors find that social tie strength mediates almost 50 percent of the effect of value homophily on individual dissemination behavior. Originality/value The authors are the first to directly apply ELM to examine individual dissemination behavior on SNS. By integrating factors into the two information processing routes, They incorporate relevant factors into the model and systematically analyze their impacts on individual retweeting behavior on SNS. The research offers at least one explanation for the contradictory findings about the effect of homophily on individual sharing behavior in previous research. The authors propose new variables that gauge topical relevance and interpersonal value homophily on SNS.
The purpose of this investigation was to describe the effect of antibacterial stewardship and evaluate the trends and correlation of antibacterial resistance and usage from 2009 to 2013 in a tertiary-care teaching hospital in northwest China. Antibacterial usage was expressed as defined daily doses per 100 patients per day (DDDs/100 PDs). Hospital-wide population-level data and time series analysis were used to evaluate the trends and determine associations between antibacterial exposure and acquisition of resistance. Yearly consumption of overall antibacterials significantly decreased from 66.54 to 28.08 DDDs/100 PDs (β = -10.504, p < 0.01). The resistant rates of the five most frequently isolated species (including Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) significantly decreased or remained stable, and none of them showed a statistically significant upward trend. The medical quality indicators got better or remained stable. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models demonstrated that the monthly resistance rate of P. aeruginosa to imipenem was strongly correlated with antipseudomonal carbapenems usage (β = 34.94, p < 0.001), as did the correlation of P. aeruginosa to meropenem with antipseudomonal third-generation cephalosporins usage (β = 32.76, p < 0.01) and K. pneumoniae to amikacin with aminoglycosides usage (β = 22.01, p < 0.001). The decreased antibacterial use paralleled the improved bacterial resistance without deteriorating medical quality indicators during antimicrobial stewardship. It also suggests that optimum antibiotic use is necessary to alleviate the threat posed by resistant microorganisms at the hospital level.
The dissociation constants (pK a ) of daidzein and genistein were determined at 298.2 K by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy method. The pK a1 and pK a2 values of daidzein are 7.51 ± 0.07 and 9.47 ± 0.14 and ones of genistein are 7.25 ± 0.84 and 9.53 ± 0.15, respectively. The solubilities of daidzein and genistein in water, methanol, ethyl ethanoate, propanone, trichloromethane, and hexane have been measured using UV spectrophotometric method from (288.2 to 328.2) K at atmospheric pressure. The solubilities of daidzein and genistein in all solvents increase with an increase in temperature. The solubility of daidzein in the six solvents was in the order propanone > methanol > ethyl ethanoate > hexane > trichloromethane > water, whereas the solubility order of genistein was propanone > ethyl ethanoate > methanol > hexane > trichloromethane > water. In comparing the solubility of genistein with that of daidzein, the 5-hydroxyl group of genistein causes a significantly higher solubility in methanol and ethyl ethanoate, a little higher solubility in trichloromethane (exception 328.2 K), an approximately equivalent solubility in water, and a slightly lower solubility in propanone. The measured solubility data were correlated with a modified Apelblat equation, λh model, and ideal model. From solubility of daidzein and genistein in these six solvents, the dissolution enthalpy, entropy, and change of the free Gibbs energy were evaluated using the van't Hoff equation.
ABSTRACT:Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet agent widely used in cardiovascular diseases and an inactive prodrug that needs to be converted to an active metabolite in two sequential metabolic steps. Several CYP450 isoforms involved in these two steps have been described, although the relative contribution in vivo of each enzyme is still under debate. CYP2C19 is considered to be the major contributor to active metabolite formation. In the current study, net CYP2C19 contribution to the active metabolite formation was determined from exposure of the active metabolite in two clinical studies (one phase I study with well balanced genetic polymorphic populations and a meta-analysis with a total of 396 healthy volunteers) at different clopidogrel doses. CYP2C19 involvements were estimated to be from 58 to 67% in intermediate metabolizers (IMs), from 58 to 72% in extensive metabolizers (EMs), and from 56 to 74% in ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs), depending on the study and the dose. For this purpose, a static model was proposed to estimate the net contribution of a given enzyme to the secondary metabolite formation. This static model was compared with a dynamic approach (Simcyp model) and showed good consistency. In parallel, in vitro investigations showed that omeprazole is a mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP2C19 with K I of 8.56 M and K inact of 0.156 min ؊1 . These values were combined with the net CYP2C19 contribution to the active metabolite formation, through a static approach, to predict the inhibitory effect at 80-mg omeprazole doses in EM, IM, and UM CYP2C19 populations, with good consistency, compared with observed clinical values.
Introduction. Since mcr-1 was first reported in China, there have been ten variants of MCR appearing nationwide so far. Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria carrying both NDM and MCR have become a serious threat to global public health. Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The genetic structure of mcr-9 needs to be better understood in order to better prevent and control the transmission of drug-resistant genes. Aims. The aim of this study was to characterize the presence of two Enterobacter hormaechei isolates, which carries bla NDM-5 CME2 and the coexistence of mcr-9 and bla NDM-1 strain CMD2, which were isolated from a patient with diabetes in Sichuan, China. Methodology. The microbroth dilution method was used for antibiotic susceptibility. Conjugation experiment was used to investigate the transferability of bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5 and mcr-9. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on Illumina HiSeq platform. The ability of biofilm formation was detected by crystal-violet staining, the virulence of the bacteria was measured by Galleria mellonella killing assay. Results. bla NDM-5 carrier CME2 and CMD2 with bla NDM-1 and mcr-9 were resistant to carbapenems, β-lactam, aminoglycoside, quinolone and tetracycline, while CMD2 was also resistant to colistin. Conjugation assay and plasmid replicon typing further demonstrated that both bla NDM-1 and bla NDM-5 were respectively present on the self-transferrable IncX3 plasmid, mcr-9 was located on the self-transferrable IncHI2 plasmid. Through the analysis of mcr-9 gene context, the structure was DUF4942-rcnR-rcnA-copS-IS903-mcr-9-wbuC-qseC-qseB-IS1R-ΔsilR-IS903, bla NDM-1 context was IS3000-ΔISAba125-IS5-bla NDM-1-ble-trpF-groS-groL-insE-ΔIS26 structure, bla NDM-5 structure was IS3000-bla NDM-5-ble-trpF-dsbC-ΔIS26-umuD-ISKox3-tnpR-parA. Biofilm formation of CME2 was stronger than CMD2. There was no significant difference in virulence between the two strains. Conclusion. This study reveals two multiple drug-resistant E. hormaechei isolates from diabetes patient samples. E. hormaechei carrying two NDM-resistant genes is already a serious threat, where MCR is an important cause of treatment failure in bacterial infections. This study is a reminder not only to prevent infection in patients with diabetes, but also to constantly monitor the epidemic and spread of the drug-resistant gene.
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