A B S T R A C TObjective: To evaluate whether the shock index (SI), given by the formula SI = heart rate/systolic blood pressure (HR/SBP), is useful for predicting mortality at 24 h in trauma patients admitted to the emergency department of a university hospital in Colombia. Methods: A database of trauma patients admitted between January 2013 and December 2013 was constructed; the result according to the shock index was determined, generating a dichotomous variable with two groups: Group A (SI < 0.9) and Group B (SI > 0.9). Univariate analysis was performed. Results: A total of 666 patients were analyzed, 83.3% (555) had SI < 0.9, and 16.7% (111) SI > 0.9. The mean age for Groups A and B was 32.4 and 35.4 respectively. The average injury severity score for both groups was 9.6 and 17.6 respectively. Mortality at 24 h after injury for both groups was 3.1% (P = 0.032) and 59.5% (P = 0.027) respectively. Conclusions: An initial shock index greater than 0.9 implies a worse prognosis 24 h after injury. The shock index predicts mortality in multiple trauma patients in the emergency department, and is also a quick and applicable in all hospital.

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Purpose-The goal of our study is to compare hepatic stiffness measures using gradient recalled echo (GRE) vs spin-echo echo planar imaging (SE-EPI) based MR Elastography (MRE) at 3T used to measure hepatic stiffness in a patients with suspected liver diseases.Materials and Methods-This retrospective study included 52 patients with liver disease who underwent a 3T MRE exam including both an investigational SE-EPI based technique and a product GRE based technique. Regions of interest (ROI) were placed on the elastograms to measure elastography derived liver stiffness as well as the area included within the ROIs. The mean liver stiffness values and area of ROIs were compared.Results-The mean liver stiffness was 3.72 kilopascal (kPa) ± 1.29 using GRE MRE and 3.78 kPa ± 1.13 using SE-EPI MRE. Measurement of liver stiffness showed excellent agreement between the two pulse sequences with a mean bias of −0.1 kPa (range −1.8 to 1.7 kPa) between sequences. The mean measurable ROI area was higher with SE-EPI (313.8 cm 2 ± 213.8) than with the GRE technique (208.6 cm 2 ± 114.8), and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).Conclusions-Our data shows excellent agreement of measured liver stiffness between GRE and SE-EPI based sequences at 3T. Our results show the advantage of a SE-EPI MRE sequence in

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Ultrasound is commonly the first‐line imaging modality for assessing the pediatric abdomen. An abnormal size of the liver, spleen, or kidneys may indicate disease, but the evaluation is challenging because the normal size changes with age. In addition, published normal value charts for children may vary by population and methods. In this systematic review, we summarized published data on the normal size of the pediatric liver, spleen, and kidneys as measured by ultrasound in which we found similar values across different populations, ages, and sexes.

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Objective-To compare diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the kidneys and its derived parameters in children with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) versus healthy controls.Methods-In a prospective IRB-approved study, we evaluated the use of DTI to compare kidney parenchyma FA values in healthy controls (age-matched children with no history of renal disease) versus patients with ARPKD. A 20-direction DTI with b-values of b = 0 s/mm 2 and b = 400 s/mm 2 was used to acquire data in coronal direction using a fat-suppressed spinecho echo-planar sequence. Diffusion Toolkit and TrackVis were used for analysis and segmentation. TrackVis was used to draw regions of interest (ROIs) covering the entire volume of the renal parenchyma, excluding the collecting system. Fibers were reconstructed using a deterministic fiber tracking algorithm. The FA values based on the ROI data, mean length, and volume of the tracks based on the fiber tracking data were recorded.Results-Eight healthy controls (mean age = 12.9 years ± 4.0; 1/8 males) and six ARPKD participants (mean age = 13.8 years ± 8.5; 5/6 males) were included in the study. Compared to healthy controls, patients with ARPKD had significantly lower FA values (0.33 ± 0.03 vs. 0.25 ± 0.02, p = 0.002) and mean track length (16.73 ± 3.43 vs. 11.61 ± 1.29 mm, p = 0.005). Conclusion-DTIof the kidneys shows significantly lower FA values and mean track length in children and young adults with ARPKD compared to normal subjects. DTI of the kidney offers a novel approach for characterizing renal disease based on changes in diffusion anisotropy and kidney structure.