RESUMENSe describen 4 nuevas especies del género Typhlocharis Dieck, procedentes de los montes de Toledo (España central): T. farinosae sp. n., T. atienzai sp. n., T. estrellae sp. n. y T. bullaquensis sp. n.; y se discuten las relaciones con las especies próximas. Se proponen con una clave 6 grupos de especies dentro del género, y se relacionan las especies que los componen. Palabras clave: Coleoptera, Caraboidea, Anillini, Typhlocharis, nuevas especies, España ABSTRACT News Typhlocharis Dieck (Coleoptera, Caraboidea, Trechidae) from SpainFour new species of the genus Typhlocharis Dieck, from Toledo mountains (Central Spain) are described: T. farinosae sp. n., T. atienzai sp. n., T. estrellae sp. n. and T. bullaquensis sp. n.; and the taxonomic relationships with the related species are discussed. A key of six species groups in the genus is proposed, and the species of each one are listed.
Dispersal is a critical factor determining the spatial scale of speciation, which is constrained by the ecological characteristics and distribution of a species' habitat and the intrinsic traits of species. Endogean taxa are strongly affected by the unique qualities of the below-ground environment and its effect on dispersal, and contrasting reports indicate either high dispersal capabilities favoured by small body size and mediated by passive mechanisms, or low dispersal due to restricted movement and confinement inside the soil. We studied a species-rich endogean ground beetle lineage, Typhlocharina, including three genera and more than 60 species, as a model for the evolutionary biology of dispersal and speciation in the deep soil. A time-calibrated molecular phylogeny generated from >400 individuals was used to delimit candidate species, to study the accumulation of lineages through space and time by species-area-age relationships and to determine the geographical structure of the diversification using the relationship between phylogenetic and geographic distances across the phylogeny. Our results indicated a small spatial scale of speciation in Typhlocharina and low dispersal capacity combined with sporadic long distance, presumably passive dispersal events that fuelled the speciation process. Analysis of lineage growth within Typhlocharina revealed a richness plateau correlated with the range of distribution of lineages, suggesting a long-term species richness equilibrium mediated by density dependence through limits of habitat availability. The interplay of area- and age-dependent processes ruling the lineage diversification in Typhlocharina may serve as a general model for the evolution of high species diversity in endogean mesofauna.
ResumenSe describen 3 nuevas especies del género Typhlocharis Dieck, procedentes de Navarra (norte de España): T. monasticus sp. n., T. peregrinus sp. n. y T. navaricus sp. n. Forman un grupo de especies bien diferenciado del resto de Typhlocharis por la peculiar morfología de la genitalia femenina y el dimorfismo sexual. Palabras clave: Coleoptera, Caraboidea, Anillini, Typhlocharis, especie nueva, España. AbstractThree news Typhlocharis Dieck, 1869 (Coleoptera, Caraboidea, Trechidae) from Navarra (Spain)Three news species of the genus Typhlocharis Dieck, from Navarra (North Spain) are described: T. monasticus sp. n., T. peregrinus sp. n. and T. navaricus sp. n. These species make up a group well differentiated from the rest of the genus Typhlocharis by the peculiar morphology of the female genitalia and the sexual dimorphism.
The re-descriptions of Typhlocharis santschii Normand, 1915 and T. quadridentata (Coiffait, 1969) are presented, the onlytwo species of the genus Typhlocharis for which female genitalia are still undescribed. The status of the material depositedin museums is updated for both species and a type series is established for Typhlocharis santschii. Morphologicaldescriptions are increased, including ventral features barely or not used until now (morphology of the last ventrite andintermetacoxal space); two new morphological structures are presented: cephalic semilunar notch and medial hiatus in theanterior margin of pronotum. A nomenclature and the formula to describe setae forming rows are proposed. A comparativeanalysis of relevant morphological structures has been carried out across the whole genus. This allowed the study ofmorphological affinities of both species within the genus, with comments on the taxonomic affinities of both species withother of the genus and to comment on the taxonomic utility of features, other than the umbilicate series, for establishingrelationships among species or species groups. The peculiar morphology of the gonocoxites of T. quadridentata and therevision of the different models of female genitalia within the genus led us to define six morphotypes of genitalia. The biogeographic implications of the atypical distribution of T. santschii are briefly discussed.
Tarsal tetramery is a rare condition within Carabidae, only found in some members of the endogean tribe Anillini and some cases of Gehringiini. Reduction of tarsomere numbers is also reported in endogean members of other families (e.g. Curculionidae or Staphylinidae). Recent fieldwork in southwestern Spain provided specimens of three new species of the endogean Anillini Typhlocharis Dieck, 1869: T. baeturica n.sp., T. scrofa n.sp. and T. tetramera n.sp. The new species share extreme body size reduction (less than 1.1 mm), a gula partially fused to the cephalic capsule, with diffuse lateral sutures, and four tarsomeres in all the legs. Tarsal tetramery is recorded for the first time within the genus Typhlocharis and it is contrasted with the described cases in Anillini. Typhlocharis scrofa n.sp. and T. tetramera n.sp. have club-shaped gonocoxites, reminiscent of the unguiform-like morphology observed in T. quadridentata (Coiffait, 1969), supporting the hypothesis of a transitional evolution of the shape of gonocoxites. The structure of the gula is studied within the genus and includes wide, narrow and diffuse morphologies. The implications of these features and data from the new species enable us to propose a reorganization of the systematics of the genus, creating and defining a new group of species, quadridentata group. An identification key for this species group is included. The new species provides more data on syntopic species and abundance rates, brief insights on the ecology of the genus.
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