The search for tumor-associated viruses began as an interest in identifying the etiology of cancer and applying the prophylactic principles that have been used for a long time in infectious diseases, in order to prevent the development of cancer; although this search for viruses began with the aim of preventing neoplasms in humans, the problem is no less complex in animals. In the last forty years, the number of infections associated with the development of different types of cancer in humans has increased, and it is estimated that about 20% of the incidence of global cancer originates as a consequence of previous infections. In veterinary medicine there are various oncogenic viruses, with both DNA and RNA viruses being found. DNA viruses generally differ from oncogenic retroviruses in that they contain authentic viral genes that encode oncoproteins capable of transforming infected cells; while most retroviruses insert their genome into cellular DNA and their regulatory elements affect the expression of genes in the host cell close to this insertion, which is known as insertional mutagenesis. Understanding the role that viruses play in the development of certain neoplasms is highly relevant and its study has allowed us to know the mechanisms of oncogenesis in different neoplasms of both animals and humans. From a veterinary point of view, these infections have important repercussions on animal breeding systems, leaving great economic losses, as well as affecting dearly esteemed companion animals.
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