This paper aims at describing and explaining certain common characteristics that have endured in the African Atlantic islands by virtue of the fact that these islands depend on centres of authority located at considerable distances away. Their location on linking routes to three continents led to the first globalization since the world economic shifts of the 16th century. The islands have sometimes been described metaphorically as a bridge, but we prefer to speak of maritime doors. These islands have been an entrance and exit for goods, people, culture, and ideas, opened or closed, depending on your point of view, through the modern age as European penetration spread. It includes the archipelagos of the Middle Atlantic, the cases of Madeira, the Canaries, Cape Verde, São Tomé, and Principe, and the Guinea Islands of Bioko, Corisco, and Annobon.
Resumen: Analizamos el papel de la sal en las Islas del Atlántico medio, en este ejemplo el caso de Canarias, donde contaba con elementos favorables para la producción: sol, viento, poca lluvia y un inmenso océano que la rodea, sin embargo, necesitaba importar sal. El periodo cronológico que estudiamos es el Antiguo Régimen (siglos XVI-XVIII). En esas centurias se fabricaron salinas en el archipiélago mayormente destinadas a la conservación de alimento, sobre todo, de pescados que eran capturados en el banco pesquero canario-sahariano. Indagamos la comercialización del producto, los contactos con la Corona portuguesa, por la estrecha relación que tuvo en este tiempo con las otras islas de la Macaronesia, Azores, Madeira y Cabo Verde y, también nos interesamos por conocer los proyectos ilustrados, que como en muchos otros terrenos, terminaron en fracaso o nunca llegaron a hacerse.
ResumenAnalizamos la producción historiográfica de Viera y Clavijo, ilustrado canario que tuvo una obra destacada en el conjunto de España. Hemos hecho una labor hermenéutica de su obra, así como la incorporación de informaciones que están en archivos canarios. Creemos que hace falta profundizar en su filosofía de la historia. La obra historiográfica de Viera y Clavijo fue la primera visión de conjunto de la Historia de Canarias en concordancia con las ideas ilustradas, especialmente influenciado por historiadores franceses, que sin ser la más vanguardista en Europa, supuso un enorme paso adelante en el pensamiento canario de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Al tiempo que destaca la atlanticidad de Canarias, también destaca las características conferidas por la insularidad. La geografía fue un aspecto que Viera y Clavijo estimaba que dificultaba la propagación de las ideas religiosas e ilustradas. La separación insular, con una orografía accidentada, hacía que determinados lugares fueran inaccesibles. La identidad canaria es deudora de la obra de Viera y Clavijo, muchos de sus mitos e imaginarios arrancan de su Historia y continúa en esos cánones de la ilustración canaria dieciochesca. Palabras clavesIlustración; Historiografía; Identidad. AbstractWe analyze the historiographical production of Viera y Clavijo, enlightenment canary that had an outstanding work in the whole of Spain. We have made a hermeneutic work with this work, as well as the incorporation of information that Canary files have. There is a need to deepen their philosophy of history. Historiographical work of Viera y Clavijo was the first overview of the history of the Canary Islands in accordance with the enlightened ideas, especially influenced by French historians, without being the most avant-garde in Europe, was a huge step forward in the Canary thought of the second half of the eighteenth century. While stressing the Atlanticism of Canarias, also it highlights the characteristics conferred by insularity. Geography was an aspect that Viera estimated that hindered the spread of religious and enlightened ideas. The island apart with a rugged terrain, made certain places inaccessible. The Canarian identity is indebted to the work of Viera y Clavijo, many of their myths and imaginary tear from his history and continues in those canons of eighteenth-century Canarian illustration.
In the Canary Islands the sea was as a defence against disease. There was a constant fear of epidemics arriving by sea, not only because of the potentially high death toll, but because it could have a seriously detrimental effect on trade. As well as the local impact of disease, health control was important because the Canary Islands acted as an important buffer zone in the control of infection in the Spanish-American trade. Central and local administrations were created to manage health and to control the risk of disease entering the ports and to prevent epidemics from spreading to the interior of the islands. All arriving ships were inspected and any suspicious vessels were quarantined to contain any contagion. Specific quarantine areas were designated and these were developed with facilities such as infirmaries for the sick. Despite these measures the administrative control was weak and epidemics spread through the islands on a number of occasions throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
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