This article collects the development of a frontal composite structure for electric light vehicles (concretely within L7e European category), which has been required to fulfil energy absorption capabilities for pedestrian protection. An initial design made of a composite sandwich structure (glass fibre skins with polyvinyl chloride foam core) was proposed and a prototype was manufactured and tested against impact. Then, a numerical model was created and the impact test was simulated by the finite element method. After adjusting the numerical model to the real performance of the component, the initial material configuration of the sandwich composite was optimized according to design objectives involving safety, current regulations and repairability.
NOx emissions in vehicles are currently only controlled through the homologation process. There is a lack of knowledge to reliably assess and control real NOx emissions of vehicles, because although vehicles in EU-27 are subject to PTI (Periodic Technical Inspection), NOx are not among the pollutants currently being controlled. In this paper, a new approach for measuring NOx in PTI is proposed. At PTIs, a test needs to be simple, quick, inexpensive, representative, and accurate. To that end, it needs to be carried out under static conditions, so no power bench or complex equipment is required. The method shown in this paper has been developed and validated at a PTI Spanish station, to ensure feasibility and repeatability. This method is based on the relationship between % engine load and exhaust NOx concentration at idle engine speed. The quality and representativity of this relationship have been checked with a p-value lower than 0.01. The method has been compared with a different NOx measurement technique based on the simulation on a test bench and the ASM 20–50 cycle. The achieved quality and repeatability of the new approach shows that it could be a useful tool to be applied in PTI for detecting high NOx emitting vehicles and get information from the diesel vehicles fleet.
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