beta-Carotene and six xanthophylls (lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, luteoxanthin, cryptoxanthin, and echinenone) have been identified and semiquantitatively or quantitatively determined in musts and port wines for the first time. An HPLC method was developed and compared with that of one based on thin layer cromatography with scanning densitometry. The most abundant carotenoids present in red grape varieties are beta-carotene and lutein. In wines, significant quantities of violaxanthin, luteoxanthin, and neoxanthin were found. This study was done with berries (skin and pulp), musts, and fortified wines. Some experiments were performed to follow carotenoid content from grapes to wines. Although the levels of beta-carotene and lutein found in fortified wines were lower than those found in musts, other xanthophylls, such as neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and luteoxanthin, exist in appreciable amounts in young ports.
Must acidification is a necessary operation in hot regions due to the low natural acid content of the grapes grown there. Tartaric acid is what is most usually used for this purpose. Using gypsum (CaSO 4 • 2H20 ) allows the amount of tartaric acid needed to reach a given pH to be reduced. This paper is a study of the acidification of musts produced in Sherry area (Southern Spain) to a pH of 3.25 with tartaric acid alone and tartaric acid acting together with 2 g/L of gypsum. Using gypsum causes a reduction in must pH of approximately 0.2 units and allows the tartaric acid dosage to be cut down by 1.5 to 2.5 g/L. The concentration of sulfates in the fermented wine lies below 2.5 g/L (the maximum authorized by the European Community), and the calcium concentration is 130 mg/L. Both levels are compatible with a correct winemaking. The acid buffering power of the wine and the alkalinity of the ash are reduced by the use of gypsum, which makes later acidification easier. Other wine component levels are not affected.
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