Several studies have recently focused on the association between heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) gene promoter polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, results have been conflicting. This systematic Human Genome Epidemiology review and meta-analysis was undertaken to integrate previous findings and summarize the effect size of the association of HMOX1 gene promoter polymorphisms with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. The authors retrieved all studies matched to search terms from the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science databases that had been published through December 31, 2009. The articles were then checked independently by 2 investigators according to the eligibility and exclusion criteria. For all alleles and genotypes, odds ratios were pooled using either fixed-effects or random-effects models. An increased odds ratio for type 2 diabetes was observed in persons with the (GT)(n) L (long) allele as compared with those with the (GT)(n) S (short) allele (odds ratio = 1.12, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.24; P = 0.02). Furthermore, the diabetes odds ratio for persons with the LL genotype, versus those with the SS genotype, was significantly increased (odds ratio = 1.25, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.50; P = 0.02). Persons carrying longer (GT)(n) repeats in the HMOX1 gene promoter may have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.
Photothermal therapy represents a non-invasive therapeutic tool to eradicate cancer tumor with minimum toxic effects. In this ablative therapy, accurate delivery of efficient photothermal conversion agents followed by laser irradiation results in tumor ablation with lower toxicity compared to other cancer therapies. Gold nanomaterials are efficient to passively target and deliver photothermal agents to the cancer tumor. Through surface plasma resonance, gold nanomaterials including nanorods, nanostars, nanoflowers, nanocages and nanoshells exhibited strong NIR absorption and are widely utilized during photothermal ablative therapy of cancer. Currently, researchers have devoted their attention to minimize toxicity of photothermal agents using modified probe design. By developing this noninvasive cancer therapy, expectations to minimize toxicity of cancer treatment may become reality sooner.
Background: Oxidative stress is one of the main factors that increases reperfusion injury in the diabetic heart. Resveratrol could decrease oxidation and promote antioxidant factor expression. Nrf2 is an important endogenous antioxidant. making the heart more resistant to ischemic injury. As Nrf2 expression is considered to be reduced in diabetic heart, we therefore hypothesized that up-regulation of Nrf2 in the diabetic heart may overcome its increased susceptibility to ischemic injury.Methods: A total of 50 diabetic rats were randomly divided into five groups: the sham operation group (DM + sham), the MIRI group (DM + MI/R), the resveratrol treatment group (DM + MI/R + RSV), the resveratrol + ex527 (SIRT1 inhibitor) group (DM + MI/R + RSV + ex527), and the resveratrol + LY294002 (Akt inhibitor) group (MD + MI/R + RSV + LY294002). Another 20 normal rats were randomly divided into two groups: the sham-operated group (CON + sham) and the myocardial ischemia-reperfusion group (CON + MI/R). A type 2 diabetes model was induced by a high-fat diet-fed and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). All rats were subjected to 30 min myocardial ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion except sham groups. Plasma were collected to measure the creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) level, glutathione (GSH) level, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Pathologic changes in myocardial tissues were observed by Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) straining. SIRT1, p-GSK3β, Nrf2, HO-1 protein expressions were measured by western blot.Results: Compared with the control (CON) group, the diabetic (DM) group had more severe myocardial injury, higher oxidative stress index increase, and a more reduced expression of Nrf2 in the myocardium.After supplementing with resveratrol, the myocardial damage was reduced and the oxidative stress index decreased in the DM group, while the Nrf2 in the myocardium was increased. It also was found that inhibition of SIRT1 also partially inhibited the expression of Nrf2 and the corresponding antioxidant factor HO-1. Decreased expression of p-GSK3β by Akt inhibitors also partially inhibited Nrf2 and HO-1 expression.Conclusions: Resveratrol can enhance the expression of Nrf2 in a diabetic heart by stimulating SIRT1 or inhibiting GSK3β, alleviating myocardial oxidative stress, and improving ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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