The blood gas profile is a routine method in the rapid disease diagnosis of farm animals, yet its potential in evaluating mammary health status of dairy cows remains to be investigated. This study was conducted to learn the potential of the blood gas parameter regarding the mammary gland health status in lactating dairy cows. Twenty animals were divided into two groups, the H-SCC group (milk SCC > 122 k/mL) and L-SCC group (milk SCC < 73.8 k/mL), to compare blood gas profiles from different blood vessels and to identify the key parameters associated with milk somatic cell count. H-SCC cows are higher in malondialdehyde content, but lower in SOD and T-AOC activities in the milk, compared to the L-SCC group. In terms of blood gas parameters, most differ across the three vessels, including K+, CO2 pressure, O2 pressure, HCO3−, base excess in the extracellular fluid compartment, and saturation of O2. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that oxygen-related variables in the mammary vein, including oxygen concentrations, O2 pressure, and saturation of O2, are negatively correlated with levels of malondialdehyde, lactate dehydrogenase, and plasmin in the milk. Our study revealed that oxygen-related variables in the mammary vein can be a marker in suggesting mammary-gland health status in high-yielding cows.
Nanoparticles are applied as versatile platforms for drug/gene delivery in many applications owing to their long‐retention and specific targeting properties in living bodies. However, the delivery mechanism and the beneficial effect of nanoparticle‐retention in many organisms remain largely uncertain. Here, the transport and metabolism of mineral nanoparticles in mammary gland during lactation are explored. It is shown that maternal intravenous administration of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs; diameter: ≈11.0 nm, surface charge: −29.1 mV, surface area: 1.05 m2 g−1) provides elevated iron delivery to mammary gland and increased iron secretion into breast milk, which is inaccessible by classical iron‐ion transport approaches such as the transferrin receptor‐mediated endocytic pathway. Mammary macrophages and neutrophils are found to play dominant roles in uptake and delivery of IONPs through an unconventional leukocyte‐assisted iron secretion pathway. This pathway bypasses the tight iron concentration regulation of liver hepcidin‐ferroportin axis and mammary epithelial cells to increase milk iron‐ion content derived from IONPs. This work provides keen insight into the metabolic pathway of nanoparticles in mammary gland while offering a new scheme of nutrient delivery for neonate metabolism regulation by using nanosized nutrients.
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