Resumen. Durante 2007 se obtuvo información del conocimiento y la percepción que los pobladores del ejido tienen sobre el jaguar, sus presas y los factores que afectan la distribución y su conservación. Mediante el índice de importancia cultural (IIC) se determinó el conocimiento que los ejidatarios tienen de las presas, y el uso y valor que les otorgan. Las presas que reconocieron importantes fueron venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus), temazate (Mazama temama), pecarí (Tayassu pecari), tejón (Nasua narica), armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) y tepezcuintle (Cuniculus paca); 72% de los encuestados también identificaron especies domésticas como presas del jaguar. Según su percepción, las más abundantes son pecarí, tejón y armadillo. El valor de uso más importante es el alimenticio, puesto que 82% de los encuestados ha consumido alguna especie silvestre. El valor más alto del IIC fue para el venado (27.17). En el ejido se considera perjudicial el jaguar por alimentarse del ganado. Los pobladores y los jaguares utilizan las mismas especies para obtener beneficio. El presente estudio constituye una base para el desarrollo de trabajos tendientes a manejar y conservar los recursos naturales que existen en el ejido considerando las necesidades de la población humana, de su fauna silvestre y la relación entre éstas. Palabras clave: pobladores rurales, manejo, recursos, índice de importancia cultural.
Para definir la distribución geográfica del ocelote en el estado de San Luis Potosí, México, se obtuvieron nuevos registros de la especie. El estudio se realizó de enero de 2007 a abril de 2009. Se obtuvieron 41 registros de ocelotes por medio de entrevistas y trampeo-fotográfico. Los registros se localizaron en comunidades vegetales de selva baja caducifolia (37%), matorral submontano (22%), bosque de encino (15%), selva mediana (10%), selva alta perennifolia, bosque mesófilo de montaña, bosque de pino-encino y matorral desértico micrófilo (10%). La presencia de ocelotes se ubicó en los municipios de Ciudad del Maíz, El Naranjo, Cerritos, Guadalcázar, San Nicolás Tolentino y Ciudad Valles en de elevaciones de 38 a 2 400 m snm. Los resultados de esta investigación sugieren una distribución del ocelote más hacia el oeste del estado respecto a su distribución original. El presente estudio definió nuevas regiones con presencia de ocelotes que pueden ser consideradas en el desarrollo de estrategias de conservación de la especie en el estado de San Luis Potosí.
Introduction: The jaguar (Panthera onca) is an apex carnivore that is vulnerable to habitat fragmentation, and some of its populations are believed to be isolated in México where it is classed as endangered. The main the objective of our study was to evaluate connectivity of available jaguar habitat from the Sierra Madre Oriental of México (SMO) towards southern México. Methods: We determined least-cost pathways for jaguar movements among habitat patches in the SMO and identified potential corridors from the SMO. We used recent jaguar presence data and maximum entropy modeling to identify habitat patches in the SMO. We then used the Analytical Hierarchy Process to generate input values for a resistance (landscape permeability) matrix for jaguar movements that we generated using Multi-Criteria-Evaluation with a weighted linear combination. We then modeled least-cost pathways for both dispersal and local movements of jaguars. Results: We identified 581 potential highly suitable habitat patches for the jaguar. Of these, three were > 100 km 2 and thus met the criteria for fundamental (i. e. capable of supporting a viable jaguar population) patches. The resistance matrix contained 3 % of low cost and 49 % intermediate cost areas for jaguar movements. Least-cost pathways analysis showed 61 dispersal routes totaling > 2,000 km and > 200 travel routes, with the largest number of both route types in Hidalgo. We also identified potentially five significant corridors for jaguar movement within the SMO and south towards southern México populations. Discussion and implications: We determined that the SMO contains significant jaguar habitat with multiple biological corridors for connectivity with more southern populations of jaguar in México. Based on this, we recommend development of management strategies to facilitate exchange of individuals from the SMO with other known jaguar populations in southern states (i. e. Oaxaca, Tabasco, Guerrero). Principal strategies may focus on habitat management of fundamental patches and habitat restoration between or around stepping-stones. Promoting connectivity among patches and populations which inhabit the SMO will increase its potential as a biodiversity conservation area.
RESUMENEn las zonas áridas de México habita la candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica), especie con importancia social y económica, pero cuya disponibilidad no está bien definida. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar su distribución potencial y abundancia en el norte del estado de Zacatecas. Para la distribución potencial se realizó un modelado mediante el algoritmo MaxEnt ® , donde se usaron 18 registros de presencia: 8 históricos y 10 propios, así como 27 variables predictivas. Se cotejó en campo la presencia mediante 29 puntos aleatorios en el área con distribución potencial y otros 19 fuera de ella. La densidad poblacional se estimó mediante parcelas, se midió la talla de los ejemplares y se consideraron las variables: tipo de vegetación y de suelo, altitud y pendiente del terreno y se realizó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. El modelo presentó buena predicción (AUC = 0.920), donde 11 variables contribuyeron con 82.1% en la distribución potencial y las más importantes fueron: tipo de vegetación, exposición, pendiente, altitud y cobertura vegetal. La distribución potencial se encontró en 19.2% del total del área de estudio; la densidad poblacional fue de 295 767.3 individuos por kilómetro cuadrado, influida significativamente por el tipo de vegetación y altitud. La talla de las plantas fue significativamente menor en pendiente escarpada. En 37.9% de los puntos de validación con distribución potencial hubo resultados positivos de presencia de la especie, sin embargo, en 10.5% fuera del área de distribución potencial también apareció. Se concluye que mediante la utilización del algoritmo MaxEnt ® se puede modelar la distribución potencial de plantas silvestres, como la candelilla; la distribución potencial fue discontinua y menor a 20%. ABSTRACTThe candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica) grows in arid regions of Mexico, having social and economic importance, although its availability is not clearly defined.
Introduction:The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is a Neotropical cat which is threatened by illegal hunt and habitat destruction in the Mexican territory. Mexican and American authorities are interested in promoting their conservation. The MaxEnt algorithm allows modeling the potential distribution of elusive species, for instance, the ocelot. This has been based on trustable presence records and some other information about the habitat condition. This work was developed with the aim of generating important information about the species in Northeastern Mexico, especially, with the purpose of determining its potential distribution. Methods:Our study was conducted in six physiographic subprovinces in the Mexican states of Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosí. Sixty-trhee recent records about the ocelot were obtained, 41 through literature and 22 from field surveys , between May 2006 to May 2009. In order to develop a prediction model which let us know the animal potential distribution, twenty-seven bioclimatic, topographic, vegetation and anthropic variables were used through the MaxEnt software. Results:The model AUC was of 0.8221 ± 0.009. The most related variables about the ocelot presence were: precipitation of wettest month and quarter, vegetation cover, vegetation type, terrain elevation, precipitation of coldest quarter, terrain slope, human population density, and distance to roads. The potential distribution area overs 20.8 % of the study area. The physiographic subprovinces showing the highest potential distribution were: llanuras y lomerios (7.4 %), Carso Huasteco (4.8 %), Gran Sierra Plegada (4.5 %), and sierras and llanuras occidentales (3.4 %). The llanura costera Tamaulipeca subprovince showed lower potential distribution; meanwhile, llanuras de Coahuila y Nuevo Leon and sierras y llanuras del norte de Guanajuato were not suitable distribution for ocelot. Discussions and conclusions:In order to obtain the ocelot potential distribution model we use recent information collected through field work and surveys. Through this, we could achieve a robust model, where were relevant both bioclimatic and landscape variables. There are patches of habitat important in size and quality for ocelot. The physiographic subprovinces with the roughest landscape were the ones where the highest presence of the species. This study complements the ocelot distributional range in Northeastern Mexico and providing important information about the habitat quality in that portion of the country, as well as the difficulty to possible connectivity between Mexico and USA.Keywords: camera trap; field survey; huasteca region; MaxEnt; neotropical cats. Introducción:El ocelote (Leopardus pardalis) es un felino neotropical que se encuentra amenazado en México por la cacería ilegal y la destrucción de su hábitat. Existe interés de las autoridades de Estados Unidos y de México para conservarlo. El algoritmo MaxEnt permite modelar la distribución potencial de especies elusivas, como el ocelote, con base en registros confiables de presencia, e infor...
Mexico is home to a large number of reptile species and has one of the greatest diversities of venomous snakes, among which the rattlesnakes pertaining to the Crotalus genus stand out. Out of more than 40 species in the country, nine are found in Zacatecas: C. aquilus, C. atrox, C. basiliscus, C. lepidus, C. molossus, C. polystictus, C. pricei, C. scutulatus and C. willardi. Although these reptiles are important, due to their relevance in terms of ecology, cultural use and public health, their conservation is impacted by multiple factors, such as habitat fragmentation and indiscriminate killing. Thus, most species within this genus are found in some type of risk category at both the national and international level. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential distribution and diversity of rattlesnakes at the municipal level in the understudied state of Zacatecas. To do this, we analyzed and described the global distribution of nine rattlesnake species by building species distribution models, which determined their potential distribution based on a set of ecological variables and presence records. The resulting models were used to assess the diversity of rattlesnake species potentially present in each municipality within the state. Thirty-nine (67.24 %) out of fifty-eight municipalities registered at least one rattlesnake species. Fresnillo, Sombrerete and Valparaíso were some of the municipalities showing greatest diversity. Moreover, C. atrox, C. lepidus, C. molossus and C. scutulatus were the most widely found species in the state. On the other hand, C. basiliscus, C. polystictus, C. pricei and C. willardi were rarely spotted and so, information on their distribution patterns within Zacatecas is limited. Finally, the areas having the largest potential for the distribution of these species were defined. These findings should make field work much more time- and cost-effective, facilitating the collection of in situ data that are useful for management and conservation plans of these species in Zacatecas.
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