Ball milling of aromatic, heteroaromatic,
vinylic, and aliphatic
esters with ethanol and calcium nitride afforded the corresponding
primary amides in a transformation that was compatible with a variety
of functional groups and maintained the integrity of a stereocenter
α to carbonyl. This methodology was applied to α-amino
esters and
N
-BOC dipeptide esters and also to the
synthesis of rufinamide, an antiepileptic drug.
Electric Vehicles (EVs) represent a significant option that contributes to improve the mobility and reduce the pollution, leaving a future expectation in the merchandise transportation sector, which has been demonstrated with pilot projects of companies operating EVs for products delivering. In this work a new approach of EVs for merchandise transportation considering the location of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCSs) and the impact on the Power Distribution System (PDS) is addressed. This integrated planning is formulated through a mixed integer nonlinear mathematical model. Test systems of different sizes are designed to evaluate the model performance, considering the transportation network and PDS. The results show a trade-off between EVs routing, PDS energy losses and EVCSs location.
Enantiomerically pure 4-substituted 2-aralkyl-2,4-dihydro-1H-pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazoline-3,6-diones (1b-m) in which the alkyl chain is (CH(2))(n), n = 1-3, behave as glycine templates giving by treatment with [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene in ethyl acetate cis-1-tosyloxy derivatives. When these compounds contain electron-rich aryl substituents with n = 2, they spontaneously cyclize through intramolecular Friedel-Crafts-type diastereoselective reactions to give penta- or hexacyclic compounds. Otherwise, they give by solvolysis cis-1-alkoxy derivatives, which in a second step, may be cyclized in acid if n = 2, 3. All these reactions must occur through N-acyliminium species in S(N)1-like mechanisms. 1-Alkoxy-2-arylmethyl derivatives are reluctant to cyclize, giving trans-1-hydroxy compounds as the only isolated reaction products.
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