La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) representa un importante problema de salud en todo el globo. Actualmente, es esencial para su prevención el conocimiento de los factores ambientales asociados con la enfermedad. Se reconocen diversos metales pesados, entre los que destacan el cadmio (Cd), plomo (Pb), arsénico (As) y mercurio (Hg), que están claramente asociados con la lesión renal y la progresión de la ERC. Estudios en animales y humanos demuestran, principalmente, una clara asociación entre la exposición a estos metales y la presencia de daño renal crónico, donde la fisiopatología de cada uno de ellos es importante para entender el mecanismo de daño renal. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo analizar, tanto la fisiopatología y manifestaciones clínicas de la nefrotoxicidad asociada a dichos metales, como los diferentes estudios que se han realizado en humanos y animales.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the frequency and diagnostic performance of antibodies against M-type phospholipase A2 receptors (aPLA2R) in subjects with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN).Materials and methods: A diagnostic test study was conducted in a cohort of 160 patients from the nephrology outpatient clinic over a period of eight years. Serum samples were taken and analyzed from patients with a histological diagnosis of IMN with proteinuria greater than and less than 1 g in 24 hours and other glomerular diseases other than IMN with aPLA2R measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Euroimmun, Luebeck, Germany).Results: In 22 of 160 patients, an aPLA2R concentration >9 RU/mL was found, and all these cases had IMN. The prevalence of seropositivity in cases with active IMN was 78% (21/27). All these correlations were statistically significant with a p<0.001. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AB-ROC) of aPLA2R was 0.87 (95%, CI: 78-0.96).Conclusions: The aPLA2R has adequate diagnostic usefulness to diagnose IMN in the selected population, especially in subjects with proteinuria greater than 1 gr/day, with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 99%.
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