We studied total Cu content and its distribution in 33 surface soil samples cultivated with vines for variable lengths of time in the Monterrei designation of origin (DO), located in Galicia (NW Spain). The study was focused on the influence of land use changes on soil degradation by effect of Cu accumulation and availability. Total copper concentration in soils ranged from 25 to 272 mg kg À1 . The time during which each soil was cultivated with vines was found to affect both the total concentration of copper and its distribution. The average concentration of copper in young vineyards was 64 mg kg À1, whereas those in old and abandoned vineyards were 100 and 132 mg kg À1 , respectively. Copper bound to organic matter and to amorphous inorganic colloids were greater in old and abandoned vineyards, where they accounted for 51 and 52 per cent, respectively, of total copper, than in young vineyards (39 per cent). Copper bound to crystalline Al and Fe colloids accounted for 21, 22 and 12 per cent of total Cu in old, abandoned and young vineyards respectively.The prevalence of Cu bound to the organic fraction reduces the adverse environmental effects of this metal on soil organisms and plants. However, some management practices such as organic matter addition or liming should be implemented in order to delay or avoid soil degradation in young vineyards. For abandoned vineyards, the influence of new land uses on potential Cu mobilisation necessitates careful examination.
Cu pollution and erosion pose an important risk of degradation in vineyard devoted soils. Therefore, minimizing harmful effects of Cu in the soil and avoiding erosion are important challenges in vineyard soil management. The addition of low cost bio‐adsorbents to the soil which decreased Cu bioavailability in soil and/or increased cover crops development may be an important management practice for soil stabilization in vineyards. This study investigated the effect on Lolium perenne performance because of crushed mussel shell (CMS) amendment in an acid Cu‐polluted vineyard soil. Quadruplicate samples of a Cu polluted soil were amended with 4 doses (0, 6, 24 and 48 g kg−1) of CMS by in lab pots, where L. perenne was sowed and incubated for 51 days. The soil pH, as well as Cu bioavailability and exchangeable Cu, was analysed. The effect of CMS on L. perenne response was measured using plant germination, plant growth and Cu uptake. The plant growth was assessed in both roots and shoots by measuring length and biomass. Cu uptake by roots and shoots was also determined. The CMS amendment on the acid vineyard soil increased the pH and reduced the bioavailable Cu concentration. Moreover, shoot and root growth increased for low and intermediate CMS doses, and decreased for higher doses. The increase in plant growth corresponded with increases in soil pH up to 7 · 0, whereas the highest mussel shell dose caused a pH increase over the neutrality (7 · 8). The CMS amendment decreased Cu uptake by both, roots and shoots, and it was highly correlated with changes in Cu bioavailability in the soil. The CMS amendment on a Cu‐polluted acid soil presented positive effects on Cu immobilization and L. perenne growth. However, mussel shell application must be performed carefully, taking into account that high doses can lead to decreases on plant growth. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abstract. As(V) adsorption and desorption were studied on granitic material, coarse and fine mussel shell, and granitic material amended with 12 and 24 t ha−1 fine shell, investigating the effect of different As(V) concentrations and different pH, as well as the fractions where the adsorbed As(V) was retained. As(V) adsorption was higher on fine than on coarse shell. Mussel shell amendment increased As(V) adsorption on granitic material. Adsorption data corresponding to the un-amended and shell-amended granitic material were satisfactory fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Desorption was always < 19% when the highest As(V) concentration (100 mg L−1) was added. Regarding the effect of pH, the granitic material showed its highest adsorption (66%) at pH < 6, and it was lower as pH increased. Fine shell presented notable adsorption in the whole pH range between 6 and 12, with a maximum of 83%. The shell-amended granitic material showed high As(V) adsorption, with a maximum (99%) at pH near 8, but decreasing as pH increased. Desorption varying pH was always < 26%. In the granitic material, desorption increased progressively when pH increased from 4 to 6, contrary to what happened to mussel shell. Regarding the fractionation of the adsorbed As(V), most of it was in the soluble fraction (weakly bound). Globally, the granitic material did not show high As(V) retention capacity, which implies risks of water pollution and transfer to the food chain; however, the mussel shell amendment increased As(V) retention, making this practice recommendable.
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